Digital Diversity Essay -- Writing Composition Education Internet Essa

Computerized Diversity Does the global extent of the Internet involve a conclusion to the social and recorded assorted variety of style in creation? In the previous quite a few years, innovation has prompted a mammoth associated system of PCs. This new Internet (and fundamentally the World Wide Web) has become another correspondence and data trade instrument. All information that used to be transmitted by voice, paper, radio, TV, or different broad communications gadget should now be possible so carefully, and these messages can be close to home just as wide checked. All through the ages, the style of messages being conveyed has reflected upon the way of life and history of their source. Despite the fact that the Internet arrives at most places on the planet, it won't homogenize the style of substance found on it. Huge bits of the Internet’s inceptions lie in American history. In the mid 1960’s, researchers started to look for a method of better speaking with one another, basically to share data in a quick and simple way. Because of advancements in parcel exchanging innovation, the idea of wide territory PC system could be figured it out. Analysts at DARPA started chip away at ARPANET, which, through a progression of enhancements and changes, would in the end become the basis for the cutting edge Internet. These systems were initially worked by interfacing each PC in turn, and including more as they were required. All things considered, ARPANET was an American military creation developed during the Cold War as a quicker and all the more cutting edge correspondence structure. Notwithstanding, the other use for the sprouting Internet was data sharing by researchers all over the globe, not only ones at American establishments. Besides, the World Wide Web was created by Tim Bern... ...the style of others they see on the grounds that there is a person inside every PC client who doesn’t need to be precisely the same as every other person. With its worldwide extension, the Internet may wind up advancing assorted variety as opposed to driving homogeneity. Reference index Brenner, Steven E. Perl Routines to Manipulate CGI input http://www.duke.edu/~nss8/cgi-receptacle/cgi-lib.pl Manovich, Lev, online chronicle: http://www.manovich.net. Manovich, Lev, The Engineering of Vision from Constructivism to Computers, online Ph.D. Exposition, 1993. Rubinstein, Geoffery, Printing: History and Development, http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/print.html Sherrard, Nathan, online papers: http://www.duke.edu/~nss8/writing20/expositions Sherrard, Nathan, The Digital World Sullivan, Danny, Foreign Language Internet Search Engines, http://www.bizforms.com/search.htm

Personal statement on family medicine Essay

Experiencing childhood in a group of doctors has colossally jumped up my longing of taking medication. During those long periods of going through minutes with my folks in their clinical exercises, my choice of seeking after medication was immovably molded. For each one of those occasions, I understood that being a specialist isn't just the delight of being known as a clinical expert. Neither does parts of the bargains recuperating the debilitated and sparing patients near the precarious edge of death. Being a specialist offers more rewards that are immaterial and worth more than gold and silver. By helping one individual return to his typical life is easing the weight of a gathering of individuals. In putting a grin to a tormented individual delivers similarity to trust. Besides, the calling gives an opportunity of turning out to be a piece of one’s life during his phase of recovery and endurance. What's more, it gives a chance to clinical professionals to extend their insight by each case they manage in regularly of their lives. Above all, being a specialist gives feeling of worth of being a human and being a piece of the general public. Besides, I think about the act of medication as the most autonomous and ardent method of managing administration to the majority. These were more than intriguing variables that drove me to consume my time on earth in rehearsing medication. In satisfaction of my longing to rehearse medication, I valiantly propped the boundaries of my inconceivable dream. Subsequent to moving on from clinical school, I took each risk to applying my earned information in real life. I previously applied my insight in my old neighborhood, especially in Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital. In there, I spent a time of one year allowing help and taking to gain from all divisions of the medical clinic. One more year was very much spent as assistant in the Institute on Mental Health in Hyderabad. Because of my goal to additionally grow my insight and seek after Family Medicine, I moved to US and took my Masters in Clinical Nutrition. In US, I got each opportunity to investigate more this present reality of medication. I completed externship in a few emergency clinics in Kentucky which incorporates University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Hospital, Western Maryland Health Systems, and even in Christos St. John Hospital in Texas. My obligations at that point remember partaking for case conversation, defining conclusion, taking history, and general physical assessment, among others. During my externship, I had additionally been into clinical research. Inside those periods, I came to see actually the life of a doctor. From that point I further reason that season of a doctor is claimed by the honorable obligation. For a snapshot of presentation, my assurance was put to test. Working in a quick staging and requesting condition was tedious and debilitating. There are likewise situations when individual life can't be embedded in the day by day plan. Likewise, a few patients will in general taste all the quality of doctor as a result of their curiosity, insidiousness, or irritability. Be that as it may, through tolerance, tirelessness, great time the executives, and cooperation, the heaps in a physician’s life would be facilitated. Regardless of those hardships, I effectively completed my externship and from that point, I earned more boldness to confront the obstructions on my way to rehearse Family Medicine. After my investigations, I mean to go through my clinical time on earth in Family Medicine. I pick Family Medicine since it envelops the complete human services of an individual and of the entire family. It is a strength that isn't constrained to just a single viewpoint but instead includes social, natural, and clinical science. Essentially, it spends significant time in forestalling the spread of sickness as opposed to relieving it. As a clinical understudy, I accept that it is all the more remunerating to forestall the event of ailment as opposed to applying endeavors to recuperate the illness. Besides, I need to seek after residency in Family Medicine since I need to commit my time taking care of the necessities of patients, particularly during time of crisis. In like manner, I need to use my life understanding and easing the enduring of my fellowmen. From the beginning stage of my excursion to clinical calling, I never went to a state of lamenting or pulling out. Rather, my enthusiasm and my craving to complete my examinations and get my permit became much more. From those battles I effectively won, I have constructed a solid spine that I will use later on. In any case, at that point, those endeavors would not be of sense except if I would complete Family Medicine Residency program.

Fish Oil Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions

Fish Oil Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions Depression Treatment Print The Health Benefits of Fish Oil Fish oil may ease symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and depression By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on February 13, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on February 13, 2020 Moyo Studio / Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Health Benefits Possible Side Effects Dosage and Preparation What to Look For View All Back To Top If you’re looking to get more omega-3s in your diet and you’re not a fan of eating fish, you wouldn’t be the first to consider a more convenient option: a fish oil supplement. According to figures from the National Institutes of Health, roughly 80%â€"or about 19 million Americansâ€"take some kind of over-the-counter (OTC) fish oil supplement.?? In addition to being more convenient, studies indicate that fish oil supplements are much less likely than fish to contain contaminants, due to the purification that occurs during the manufacturing process. Fish oil sold over-the-counter contains EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3s found in fish. Over-the-counter fish oil supplements are different than those prescribed for people with very high triglycerides, including Lovaza (omega-3 ethyl esters),  Vascepa (icosapent ethyl), and Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acids). Health Benefits Research suggests that fish oil may offer the following benefits. Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Fish oil has been found to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms by reducing morning stiffness, joint tenderness, and the number of swollen joints and regulating the immune response. Fish oil can also help manage cardiovascular risk factors, which is important since people with RA are at an increased risk of a heart attack.   According to the Arthritis Foundation, fish oil can also be used for: Knee osteoarthritisLupusPsoriasisRaynaud’s syndrome Use of Omega-3s for Rheumatoid Arthritis Heart Health Although fish oil can’t prevent a heart attack or stroke, it is study-proven to reduce some of the risk factors associated with both of these conditions, including: Increasing “good” HDL cholesterolLowering triglyceridesSlightly lowering blood pressureSlowing the progression of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)Reducing abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias If you are taking fish oil because you have high triglycerides, a type of fat associated with increased risk of heart disease, your doctor may prescribe a prescription fish oil like Lovaza for you.  Prescription fish oil capsules contain highly purified fish oil with a greater concentration of omega-3 fatty acids than most over-the-counter fish oil capsules.   Can Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Lower Cholesterol? Mental Health Research has shown that fish oil, which is rich in the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, may be useful in the treatment of depression. Epidemiological studies suggest that either a deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids or an imbalance in the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids may be linked to increased rates of depression. Further, a handful of small, well-designed studies support the use of fish oil as an addition to antidepressant therapy. Although more research is needed to determine effectiveness, fish oil has also been studied in the treatment of the following psychiatric disorders: Alzheimers diseaseAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Bipolar disorderPremenstrual syndrome (PMS)Psychosis Possible Side Effects The side effects of fish oil most often occur when people take the supplement in high doses (more than 3 grams per day). In other words, the more you take, the more youre likely to experience side effects, which is why its important to consult with your healthcare provider prior to taking a fish oil supplement. The most common side effects include: NauseaDiarrheaHeartburnAbdominal painBelching a fish-like aftertaste (fish burbs) High doses of omega-3 fats, found in fish oil supplements, can slow blood clotting and increase your risk of bleeding or bruising if you already taking an anticoagulant (blood thinner) like Coumadin (warfarin)  or  Plavix (clopidogrel). It can also reduce the bodys immune system, or ability to fend off infection. Dosage and Preparation How much fish oil you take will depend on your age, sex, and specific health condition, so it’s best to consult your healthcare provider before taking these supplements. Fish oil should be taken in whole-from capsules, with food and water, and not broken and sprinkled into food or liquids. The Food and Drug Administration recommends consuming no more than 3 grams (3,000mg) per day of EPA and DHA combined, including up to 2 grams (2,000mg) per day from dietary supplements. Higher doses are often used to lower triglycerides, but you should only do so under the guidance of your healthcare professional. High doses of fish oil can cause bleeding problems, especially if you are taking Coumadin (warfarin) or other anticoagulant medications, as well as problems with immune function. It’s not yet known whether people who are allergic to seafood can safely take fish oil, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine. What to Look For Although fish oil is readily available at health foods and pharmacies, it is important to speak to your doctor before starting to take them. When purchasing a fish oil supplement, the best way to tell if a product is reputable is to read the label. Avoid any products that claim to cure depression or reduce the risk of heart disease. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), its illegal to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease, or to alleviate the symptoms of a disease. Look closely for added ingredients like fillers, binders, and flavorings. The fish oil supplement should also contain a seal of approval from a third-party testing organization to demonstrate purity levels, notes the NIH. The big three include U.S. Pharmacopeia, ConsumerLab.com, and NSF International. While this seal of approval does not guarantee that the fish oil is safe or that it will work, it does guarantee that there arent harmful levels of contaminants and that the product contains the ingredients listed on the label. Another way to tell high-quality fish oil is by its smell and taste. Fish oil should not smell or taste fishy. If it does, this indicates that the fish oil is starting to degrade and is becoming rancid. A strong smell may also be a sign that artificial flavors were added to the product. Of course, the best source of omega-3 fatty acids come from fish, especially wild fish that eat a lot of omega-3-rich algae. Smaller cold-water fish, such as herring, mackerel, salmon, and sardines, are your best choices. Larger fish and farmed fish may accumulate toxins in their tissues.  Mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and pesticide residues are the toxins of greatest concern.  At this time, however, the benefits of consuming fish outweigh the risks for most people. Other good dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids include the following: Nuts and seeds (flaxseed, chia seeds, walnuts)Plant oils (flaxseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil)Fortified foods (eggs, milk, cereals, and orange juice) Should You Take Vitamins for Depression?

Shelf Life of Chlorine Bleach and How to Maximize It

Bleach is one of those household chemicals that loses its activity over time. It doesnt matter whether or not the bleach container has been opened or not. Temperature is the primary factor affecting how long bleach remains active. According to Cloroxâ„ ¢, the amount of hypochlorite that is added to their bleach depends on the season in which it is manufactured, because temperature affects the decomposition rate of sodium hypochlorite. So, more hypochlorite is added to bleach made in the summer than in cooler months. Clorox aims to maintain a 6% hypochlorite concentration for at least six months after the manufacturing date, assuming the bleach is stored around 70Â °F. It takes about 4-8 weeks from the time chlorine bleach is made to when it gets to a store so that you can buy it to take home. This leaves you 3-5 months where the bleach is at the effectiveness level stated on its label. Does this mean bleach is useless after 3-5 months? No, because you probably dont need 6% hypochlorite for laundry and home disinfection. The 6% hypochlorite level is an EPA disinfection standard. If you store your bleach where it can get warmer than 70Â °F, like 90Â °F, the bleach is still effective for around three months. How Long Is Bleach Good? So, when you buy a bottle of bleach, it has a shelf life. The bleach will be highly effective for around 6 months and fine for home use for around 9 months. Clorox recommends replacing any bottle of bleach that is over a year old. Another way to tell if your bleach is expired is to note its odor. Dont open the bottle and take a whiff! The human sense of smell is sensitive to bleach, so you should be able to smell it as soon as you pour it from its container. If you dont smell any bleach, its likely most of the product has decomposed into salt and water. Replace it with a fresh bottle. Maximizing the Bleach Shelf Life If you want bleach to remain as effective as possible for as long as possible, avoid storing it in extremely hot or freezing conditions. Generally, this means its better to store a bottle of bleach in a cabinet inside the house, which has a relatively stable room temperature, as opposed to a garage or outside storage shed. Bleach is sold in an opaque container. Dont switch it out for a clear container because exposure to light will degrade the chemical more quickly. Like other hazardous chemicals, make sure its kept away from children and pets. Its also a good idea to store bleach away from other household cleaners because it can react with many of them to release toxic fumes.

African Americans Participation During The Civil War

Beginning in 1861, the civil war was fought over many political questions regarding slavery, yet was barely focused on the actual freedom of the slaves themselves. It is often taught that the Union fought for the freedom of slaves at the beginning of the war. However, it is more accurate to say that Abraham Lincoln’s primary goal at the beginning of the war was to reunite the Union after the majority of the slave-owning states seceded to protect their way of life: slavery. Yet, by the end of the war, the Union’s goal was to free the slaves. Though the laws securing slaves freedom and suffrage were contributed to by many, the primary driving forces behind them was the African Americans. Through their willingness to fight and support the Union cause, African Americans made the United States acknowledge their struggles and transformed the war into a fight for reconnection and freedom. Though hindered by racist people and policies, the African Americans’ participatio n during the war and Reconstruction greatly contributed to tremendous cultural change as well as the securing of legal rights to blacks. The African American’s desire to fight and support the war effort caused the country to not only recognize their struggle, but shift the goal of the war to the freeing of slaves in bondage. Near the beginning of the war, Abraham Lincoln wrote to Horace Greeley stating, â€Å"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.†Show MoreRelatedAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. 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Lean Free Essays

string(109) " ensure that manufacturing cycle time is decreased and labour is also decreased while increasing the output\." Introduction Lean manufacturing is the systematic elimination of waste from all aspects of an organization’s operations. In this case waste material is seen as anything that does not add value to the products being manufactured. Lean manufacturing is therefore explained as the production of goods while using less waste, less human effort and less inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on Lean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lean improvement techniques have accomplished a traditional of mass production of products in massive. Lean productions can detect through the entire production system because the entire products are set of mutual coupled techniques. Lean focuses on using less human and machinery effort, less manufacturing space and les time to produce and develop new products while producing less waste material. Lean productions are usually perceived at a very practical level and theoretical, but the relevant of practitioners view point is to implement new products in a new environment, since the practices can only be applied to construction. The main aim of lean production is to improve the quality of products and production time and also cost reduction. Lean production is attributed to improve its techniques by implementing the level of technology, skills and motivation to activate the performance and efficiency of flow of activities through which the conversion activities are bound together. Lean techniques are concepts designed to reduce waste products and achieve an efficient production system. Lean techniques help industries to improve performers, productivity, reduce cost and improve the value of the company. A lean manufacturing system requires the use of correct resources and tools to attain the main goals of lean production. Lean techniques are designed in a product aligned manner where production is based on a one piece flow system in which production is in a continuous flow. Lean techniques require a continuous improvement of processes services and products over a period of time with the aim of reducing waste, improving product performance and customers’ satisfaction. Lean Techniques Lean techniques are set of tools used in the identification and elimination of waste while improving the quality of products and reducing production time and cost incurred. For lean techniques to be effective the industries must define the value of products to meet the customer’s views. They must ensure that the products meet the customer’s needs at specified time and price. Identifying the value in lean manufacturing requires that, one must understand that all the activities required producing certain products and processing them according to the customers view. This way the industry is able to eliminate all non-value added activities from their production process. A continuous improvement process should be practiced by industries so as to achieve this goal. Lean production techniques are driven by five concepts which include cost, quality of products, delivery, safety and morale. One of the common techniques used is the quick and easy Kaizen. Quick and easy Kaizen is a technique which helps in reducing and eliminating waste while promoting person and profession growth of the employees and the companies. At the same time it provides guidance to the employees. (Dennis, 2002). 5s usually can be translated into sort, set in order, shine, standardize and sustain. Sort refers to remove unnecessary tools and items from the workplace and identifying the most needed tools to perform the tasks. Set in order, ensures that tools and materials are arranged in a manner which is easier for the employees to access. Finally sustain ensures that 5s method is assimilated in the organization culture. To ensure this is adhered to by all employees, their performance is measured and they are informed of their progress routinely. The main benefit of this method is that it keeps the workplace orderly and clean. As a result, efficiency is improved by reducing time take to search for tools by reducing inventory and cycle of production time. Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a lean technique which focuses on incorporating all functions and categories of an organization so as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their production process. Its main aim is to reduce accidents and mistake made during operation and production. It is a technique which aims at preventing maintenance breakdowns, eliminating product defects and designing tools and materials which require less maintenance. Cellular manufacturing also referred to as one-piece flow system, supports a smooth flow of materials, where equipments are arranged in an aligned procedure so as to reduce transport delays. By using this technique, the production capacity of an industry can be increased by adding more production units. Another common technique used is the canon production system which eliminating 9 waste. The objectives of this technique are to manufacture high quality products at reduced cost and deliver them fast to the customers. Lean techniques help in stigma so as to maintenance tools, materials and personnel in a proper manner so as to minimize waste and to increase speed. The lean six stigma techniques are also provided for improvement of the information technology, and human resource department of the company. In this method, company practices such as having and framing new employees can be minimize when speeding is increased and non value adding activities are removed and also when waste is eliminated. (Field, 2001). The lean six methods assist in keeping the focus of the industry on the two goals. Through this commercialization process of the company is made efficient by delivering within the shortest time new capable products and services to the market. The concept that lean has on economic aspirations of developing and developed countries Lean manufacturing involves three basic elements which include waste elimination, continuous one piece workflow and customers pull. Developing countries should focus on integrating these elements in the areas of cost, quality delivery so as to form the lean production system. Once the developing countries adopt the lean production system they are able to reduce waste materials by almost 80%.when waste is reduced the production cost is also reduced consequently. Removal of non value added activities ensure that manufacturing cycle time is decreased and labour is also decreased while increasing the output. You read "Lean" in category "Essay examples" By doing this industrial and developing countries are assured of high quality product, high customers’ satisfaction and as a result they reap high profit. Lean techniques provide a higher system flexible which ensures that industries can react to changes required for improvement. Developing countries have discovered lean manufacturing techniques are effective in reducing costs and waste by increasing their workforce, so as to have a one piece flow system. These countries must reduce costs at all levels by challenging all their activities to establish whether the activities add value to the customers. This way, they can eliminate business processes which do not add value to the customer or benefit the industry. By identifying activities which provide more value to the customer, companies will be able to reduce costs, reduce the time required to achieve a product and also improve the quality of their products. Use of lean manufacturing in developing countries ensures flexibility and one- piece flow production which leads to production of goods which are best suited for the customers needs by meeting the delivery time at a reduced cost. This enables the countries to expand their internal market by reducing costs. Lean implementation’s main goal is to get the right things at the appropriate place, at the required time in the correct quantity so as to attain good products while reducing wastes. Lean techniques are implemented to make work easier to understand and to perform.   They should focus their attention more by determining why a certain operation must be used. Preventing production defects is more profitable than fixing it. Therefore, removing all non-value added activities is more beneficial to the company, and in the long run, improves the economy of these countries. Finally by achieving this, these industries get to enjoy improved cash flow through increased customers demand. Lean manufacturing therefore has contributed a great deal in improving the economy of developing developed countries. Lean techniques can be applied not only the manufacturing industries but also in the service industries and environment. Developing countries should use lean techniques in all production system, whether manufacturing service or products, to analyze system, reduce waste and focus on the customers concerns. Applying these techniques in all type of industries will lead to production of high quality productions and hence more profit. (Taghizadegan, 2006). Physical and socio economic impacts of lean on resources and pollution Lean manufacturing is a concept which focuses on creating a continuous improvement process which engages employees in reducing waste, reducing time and reducing the cost necessary. While the main focus of lean manufacturing is to eliminate non- value added activities and reduce waste, it also leads to improvement of environment performance. Industries are directing their attention to lean manufacturing so as to reduce cost and production requirement resource, to improve their product quality and enhance customer satisfaction and responsiveness so as to boost the company’s profits. The main goal of lean technique is to eliminate waste in every aspect of production including factory management, product designs and supplier system. Incorporation of less human effort and less time to develop the products has led to achieve this goal. (Hobbs, 2003). Industries engage in lean techniques which focus more on production efficiency and improving production of resources. Doing this result to, using less material, using less energy, and in effect, producing less waste. This culture in turn benefits the environment, in the sense that industries train their employees to focus on environmental friendly practices so as to reduce waste production and prevent pollution. Lean methods have established continual improvement based waste elimination techniques which lead to improvement in environmental performance. Research studies have shown that lean techniques focus on environmental management tools which include, life –cycle and tools implemented to reduce the environmental risks and pollution. Decreasing the material used during production especially water, chemicals, energy and other inputs, reduces chance of producing more waste during manufacturing and thus less waste is channeled into the environment. The continual improvement techniques used by industries enables them to identify and remove waste materials during the production process. (Conner, 2001). Conclusion Lean techniques are implemented to make work easier to understand and to perform. The concept of lean production that the products produced must meet the customer needs at the specific time by understand the activities required and optimizing them to complete the process from the customers view. The aim of lean manufacturing is to eliminate waste material in all aspects of production which includes factory management, customer relations and design in this concept, waste material is considered as anything that the customer is unwilling to pay for. Lean techniques are concepts designed to reduce waste products and achieve an efficient production system. Lean manufacturing focuses on using less human and machinery effort, less manufacturing space and less time to produce and develop new products while producing less waste material.   The concept of lean manufacturing focuses on three major aspects which include improvement of quality of products and production time and also cost reduction. Other aspects of lean manufacturing have been established which emphasize on improving the smoothness of work and in effect leading to waste reduction. Lean implementation’s main goal is to get the right things at the appropriate place, at the required time in the correct quantity so as to attain good products while reducing wastes. For lean techniques to be effective the industries must define the value of products to meet the customer’s views. They must ensure that the products meet the customer’s needs at specified time and price. Identifying the value in lean manufacturing requires that, one must understand that all the activities required producing certain products and processing them according to the customers view. This way the industry is able to eliminate all non-value added activities from their production process. A continuous improvement process should be practiced by industries so as to achieve this goal. Lean production techniques are driven by five concepts which include cost, quality of products, delivery, safety and morale. References Conner, G. (2001). Lean Manufacturing for the Small Shop. SME. Dennis, P. (2002). Lean Production Simplified. Productivity Press. Field, W. M. (2001). Lean Manufacturing. CRC Press. Hobbs, D. P. (2003). Lean Manufacturing Implementation. J. Ross Publishing. Taghizadegan, S. (2006). Essentials of Lean Six Sigma. Academic Press. How to cite Lean, Essay examples Lean Free Essays As trained industrial engineers, it seems pretty basic to us. Its simplicity is what makes it work. While the Japanese are rightfully given credit for re-vitiating the concept of lean, its roots really go back to Frederick Winslow Taylor of Bethlehem Steel in the asses and asses. We will write a custom essay sample on Lean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then it was called â€Å"Scientific Management. † The Taylor approach starts with a clean slate – it designs the process to, as much as possible, only include steps that create value in the product. It is well suited for new plants, new products or new processes. The Japanese approach addresses existing plants, products and processes. It is focused on eliminating â€Å"waste† (anything that is not adding value). As waste is reduced, quality improves, production times are reduced and cost is minimized. Various methodologies are used as tools to achieve this including Value Stream Mapping, AS, Kanata (pull systems) and error-proofing. Our view is that starting with Tailor’s approach lets you establish the perfect world as a base line. Using the Japanese approach then helps you work toward the perfect world. Let’s use a casting example. A typical process might be to cast, clean, finish, re-clean, machine and ship. Why do we clean, finish and machine? We now these processes often can’t be eliminated but why not try? If the casting can be produced as-cast either by achieving best practice methods or changing casting methods (investment casting and lost foam often achieve as-cast parts), machining can be eliminated or minimized. If you don’t put the stock on you don’t have to take it off. Why is finishing (or at least why is so much) required? We know a state-of-the-art MEMO producing iron castings in green sand that require almost no finishing. Are you grinding/trimming parting lines? Then your patterns or molds may need attention. Are you grinding rough casting surfaces? Then your sand is not right or your die casting practices need improvement. Grinding gates? Can they be relocated to areas where they can be left untouched and minimized using knife gating? Are you welding? If you are not Joining parts in welding all you are doing is fixing mistakes. Why do you clean before finishing? Good sand and shake-out practices should produce castings that are clean enough for finishing. Just clean one time after finishing. What’s your scrap level? If you’re not under 3% total scrap, no matter what casting method you use, you are not achieving best practice. That’s without welding and other salvage operations by the way. There are metal casters achieving these levels every day. How do they do it? They share a lot of common traits. First, they understand what best practice is for the process they are using. That includes melting, molding, sand preparation, finishing or what-ever process they are using. They know the best practice way to do everything. You would be surprised at how many metal casters we visit who don’t know what can be done. Next, they are fanatic about doing it the right way. That means equipment 2009 The Folk Group, Adolescent, PA, 18901. 1. 215. 340. 9072 www. Foolproof. Com Page 2 of 8 s well maintained, systems are defined, documented and implemented the same way every time and everyone is well trained and does their Job right. After that they focus on problem Jobs – ones that require re-design, special gating, handling or other steps to insure they are scrap free. Finally, they document all scrap and attack issues. There are other lean practices to implement. If production flows perfectly, there is no inventory waiting to be worked on. Metal casters have helped minimize work-in-process by installing conveyor lines to keep castings moving right through to finished goods storage. This eliminated putting the castings in totes and the added handling. One low to medium volume gray/ductile iron Jobbing foundry (casting weights under 50 pounds) we know now ships 30% of its production the same day and believes they can achieve 70% same day shipment. These standards aren’t Just for the high volume or dedicated metal casting companies any more. â€Å"Automation† or â€Å"smart automation† is a part of lean manufacturing as well. Automation refers to automating the process so humans can focus on what humans do best. The objective here is to design the machine so it knows when it is working abnormally and alerts human. The human no longer has to monitor normal production but can focus on abnormal or fault conditions. Removing routine and repetitive activity reduces the chance for error. Lean manufacturing is focused on doing the right tasks, at the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity to achieve perfect work flow while eliminating waste (scrap) and with the ability and flexibility to change. Implementing lean manufacturing often requires a cultural change in all levels of the organization. Once management is committed, a program needs to be started that begins with small successes and grows to include the entire organization. The Toyota Production System (TAPS) focuses on murk and mud. Murk focuses on the preparation and planning of the process, or what work can be eliminated in the design process. Mud are those waste steps and processes that add cost. Murk is used in new product design and mud is used to improve existing operations. TAPS identifies 7 key mud*. They are: 0 Transportation (moving products that is not actually required to perform the processing) 0 Inventory (all components, work-unprocessed and finished stock not being processed) 0 Motion (people or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform he processing) 0 Waiting (waiting for the next production step) 0 Overproduction (production ahead of demand) 0 Over Processing (due to poor tool or product design creating activity) 0 Defects (the effort involved in inspecting for and fixing/scrapping defects) *From â€Å"Lean Thinking†, Woman, James P. ND Jones, Daniel T. , Free press, 2003, p. 352 What are the steps to developing a lean culture? 1 . Senior management needs to agree on a lean vision. Page 3 of 8 2. Identify the project leader and set objectives for the leader. 3. Communicate the plan and vision to the workforce 4. Solicit volunteers to form the Lean Implementation Team. Five to seven people with varied backgrounds seems to work best. 5. Appoint the Lean Manufacturing Implementation Team 6. Train the team in various lean tools. AS is often a good starting point. 7. Select pilot project implementation. . Implement the pilot. Evaluate the results, review and learn from mistakes made. 9. Roll out the next project(s). 10. Train supervisors how to teach and train their employees. 11. Continue adding and training in additional lean manufacturing tools. Page 4 of 8 FIVE S Companies frequently select AS as a method to start their lean manufacturing program. Five S is a manageable process that is relatively easy for people to understand and get their arms around. Five S is a reference to five Japanese words that have been transliterated and translated into English. The technique is characterized, incorrectly, â€Å"standardized cleanup. † It is more than that. Five S is a method to organize and manage the workspace and work flow with the intent of improving efficiency by eliminating waste, improving work flow and reducing process inefficiencies. The ass’s are: Sort (Series), Straighten (Sexton), Sweep (Skies), Standardize (Quickest) and Sustain (Skittish). Sort – This means going through the work area and making sure only essential items are present. This is eliminating tools, materials, fixtures or any other items not used in the process. Everything else is stored or, preferably, discarded. Straighten – Straighten focuses on setting the workplace in order to focus on efficiency. This is more than Just arranging the tools and equipment where they will be used and in the sequence they will be used. It is â€Å"straightening† the work path for materials, tools and the work process. Of all the steps this is the one that typically produces the greatest cost reductions. Straightening the work process can include changes in dies or tooling that reduces finishing labor, for example. It may include interaction with the customer to implement design changes that result in cost reduction or quality improvement. It is also the step that bears the most repeat visits to implement continual improvement. Sweep – This is Just what it says: keeping the workplace clean as well as neat. At the end of the shift, the work area is cleaned and everything is restored to its proper place. In straighten, the workplace is clearly marked where things go and gives confidence in the ability to find hat is needed when it is needed. The key point here is that cleanliness is a regular part of the daily work effort, not an effort initiated when the workplace gets too messy. Standardize – Standardizing the work practices means operating in a consistent and standardized fashion. Everyone knows their role and exactly what his or her responsibilities are. Actions are taken the same way – the right way – every time. Sustain – This means more than Just maintaining what has been established. Five S becomes a way of life and a new way to operate. It is important that management does not allow a gradual cline back to the old ways of operating. Sustain also means that when an issue arises – a suggested improvement, a new tool becomes available, or a new output requirement – the process is reviewed improvement. Page 5 of 8 At times a sixth S – for Safety – is added. Five S purists argue that implementation of the AS protocols will result in safety. Implementation of the AS program usually starts with a manageable project. These tend to be in limited work areas or warehouse locations. Once implemented, the results are publicized and the concept is expanded to other areas. The strength of AS is the ease of understanding and implementing the concept. How to cite Lean, Papers

Olympic Games Essays - Sports, Ancient Olympic Games,

Olympic Games The first Olympic games took place in the ancient civilization Greece. Like today, they were brutal competitions of skill and athleticism. In Greece the Olympics were thought as the ultimate in. They were not looked at as being merely a sport, but life. Today however, we do not see them as such. The Olympics are still very important To be in the Olympics and succeed is still the life goal of many athletes. Today people compete in the Olympics for the honor of their country, on a team; whereas a long time ago people fought only for the purpose of bringing glory and success to themselves. The original Olympics included a mere six event categories: boxing, equestrian events, pankration, pentathlon, running, and wrestling. The fighting games of ancient Greece, boxing, and the pankration, and wrestling were violent sports. The original boxing had no rules. One could do whatever they wanted to beat their opponent, even biting was acceptable. They did not even have boxing gloves, instead the Greeks would protect their hands by wrapping them with leather strips called himantes. The way a man won was to have the other opponent admit that he lost, or beat his opponent until he could no longer get up. The pankration had more rules regarding the way one treated their partner, but was inherently more violent. This competition was a combination of wrestling and boxing. It was very dangerous and the fighters were not even permitted to use the himantes to protect their hands. In this competition biting, gouging of eyes, punching in the nose, or hitting mouth with fingernails were all against the rules. There were, however, still no rules against things like kicking in the stomach, or hitting your opponent when the y were already down. Wrestling had the most rules. It had most of the rules of today. A wrestler was required to throw his partner down correctly on either the back or hip and things like biting were not permitted. However, things like breaking fingers were considered entirely acceptable. The equestrian events, all of which no longer take place in the modern Olympic games, were broken up into the two subcategorizes of chariot racing and riding. Chariot racing had three competitions: the two horse race, the 4 horse race, and the two mule race. Held outside of the stadium, the all of the chariot races consisted of 12 laps each, or nine miles. The riding competition was very similar. Instead of taking place outside of the stadium, the riding (or jockeying) events were inside and took a total of six laps, 4.5 miles, to complete. There were two riding events, one for full grown horses, and one for foals. People also raced each other. There were four different racing events with laps measured in stadium lengths, or one stade. There was the short 1 stade (192 m) race, the 2 stade (384 m), and the long distance 24 stade (4,608 m) race. Even harder than the long distance race, was the 4 stade. Although this race as only 768 m it was extremely difficult because the competitors ran in full armor weighing up to 60 pounds. The pentathlon was a combination event made up of five different competitions designed to test an athlete's endurance. These competitions were discus and javelin throwing, jumping, and the aforementioned wrestling and running. The discus was usually made up by either stone, iron, bronze, or lead and differed in size between the men and boy's competitions since boys were not expected to carry as much. The javelin was a long stick the height of a man, with a sharp point on one end, and a leather strap in the middle for throwing. The jumping competition of the Greeks was exactly the same as that of the long jump competition of today. The only difference in the two was that the Greeks received large stones, called halters to hold so that they would travel farther forward.

Memento Essay Example

Memento Essay Example Memento Paper Memento Paper Essay Topic: Film A Polaroid photograph, clasped between finger and thumb, showing a crude, crime-scene flash picture of a mans body lying on a decaying wooden floor, a bloody mess where his head should be. The image in the photo starts to fade as we superimpose titles. The hand holding the photo suddenly fans it in a rapid flapping motion then holds it still. The image fades more, and again the picture is fanned. As the titles end, the image fades to nothing. The hand holding the photo flaps it again, then places it at the front of a Polaroid camera. The camera sucks the blank picture up, then the flash goes off. As the Polaroid fades to white, so we begin with a blank slate Its the story of Leonard Shelby (Guy Pearce), a man who proves as emotionally empty as the surname suggests. Unable to make new memories since a blow to the head during a raid on his apartment, he remains hell-bent on avenging his wifes death from that same assault. Hampered by his affliction, Leonard trawls the motels and bars of Southern California in an effort to gather evidence against the killer he believes is named John G. Tattooing scraps of evidence and information onto his body, Leonards faulty memory is abused by two others: bartender Natalie (Carrie-Anne Moss) and undercover cop Teddy (Joe Pantoliano), both involved in a lucrative drug deal. From the very beginning, director Christopher Nolan establishes that the structural arrangement of the narrative of this film will run backwards in a non linear fashion. Although the audience may not be fully aware of it now, they have just witnessed the end climax to the plot. This already captures the audiences attention, subconsciously allowing them to understand that Leonard has just erased the act of killing, the key to understanding the confusing, opened ending. Now that the audience has witnessed this rewound scene they are enticed into knowing the full story, something that they will have to wait for until they have pieced all the parts of the jigsaw together, a device that cleverly hooks the audience for the duration of the film. Essentially running backwards, the films end at the beginning only makes sense once the whole story has unfolded; each scene plays out with Lenny reconstructing the development of events for himself from scribbled notes, photos, maps and clues, only for the next scene to jump back and relate the events which led up to it. This framework of constant revisitation, revision and reconstruction puts the viewer in Lennys point of view: as he pieces events together so, gradually, do we, never fully knowing the full story, and more importantly, never completely knowing what Lenny has done and who he can trust. The film is a kind of narrative test of alertness; visual clues the scratches on Lennys cheek, the smashed window of his car, the comments on his Polaroid pictures and his memento tattoos all hint at the order of events but ensure that the solution, like the identity of the killer, lies tantalisingly out of reach right up to the end. Another visual clue is the parallel plot of the elusive Sammy Jenkins story. After the initial backward sequence we are faced with a short clip of Leonard sitting in his room, shot in black and white so that you know it is the counter plot, in which we can view the protagonists everyday life. Throughout the first ten minutes, and the rest of the film, we view snippets of the two plots pieced together so that just as we get to grips with one of the plots we are thrown back into the other. This plot unveils the tale of Sammy Jenkins, which we later find was a conman whom Leonard, in a state of extreme denial, has reconstructed as a pitiful victim, to enable him to forget that it was he, not Sammy, who killed his own wife. Nolan has deliberately run these two plots side by side, jumping from one to the other in this jigsaw narrative so that the audience can learn of the climax to the two plots at the same time, like a multi-stranded narrative. This helps to build the films tension and disenables the audience to work out the truth before Leonard does. Caught, like Leonard, in the films looping reverse narration, we cant help but cling to his flashbacks of Sammy Jenkins as having some kind of authority. It serves as a case history of Leonards condition and illuminates his attempts to snap out of it he hires a hooker to help him restage his memories of his last night with his wife, only to nod off and forget about it as well as adding an emotionally compelling counter-narrative to the chilly formal intelligence on display, enticing the audience further. The order of mementos narrative is intriguing as it challenges the theories of those such as Todorov. The usual components of narrative structure are composed of three parts in the following order; a beginning with an opening, a middle containing a conflict and an ending with a resolution. By contrasting to the traditional patterns of film, Memento plays with the audiences expectations of the equilibrium, disequilibrium and new equilibrium pattern. This contributes to the build in tension and anticipation. Memento also relates to the theory of Vladimir Propp, who was interested in the function of specific characters in narrative. He proposed that there were set character roles including the villain, the hero, the donor, the helper, the false hero, the princess and the dispatcher. However, even though Memento does not contain all of these roles, what with its small cast, but it does manage to question these. This is interesting because the characters roles as perceived by the audience change during the course of the film, what with it being in reverse. In the first ten minutes of memento Leonard is perceived as the hero, Natalie as the helper, princess and donor, and Teddy as the ambiguous John G. and hence villain. However, by the end of the film the audiences perceptions are completely reversed, with Natalie helping to wreck Leonards life and Teddy being an innocent victim. This is effective, adding to the upside down plot, challenging the audiences original perceptions. Memento also uses symbolic codes. Each scene in the first ten minutes has a memento which provides a link forward and back, helping the audience to understand the narrative. For example, in the first scene Leonard takes a Polaroid of Teddys dead body. In the next we have a contrasting memento; a Polaroid of the living Teddy which reads he ides the one, kill him and something scribbled out. In the next scene we see the Polaroid again however; it only says dont believe his lies where the scribble was. This assists in constructing the narrative as the audience can see what point in time they are at, helping the plot to flow more. Thus we can the initial narrative of memento appears extremely complex, which ultimately manages to make complete sense by the final chapter. Memento is a strange mix of several genres which all play a major part in this movie. It is ultimately a detective-thriller, with obvious film noir links to films such as point blank, for Memento is a skewed noir mystery at heart, peopled by manipulative femmes fatales and low-down lowlifes, whose visual settings diners, car-lots, beaten-up motels and set-pieces (including a chase scene in which Lenny forgets who is chasing who) conjure the films downbeat, hardboiled feel. It also bears a lot in common with the noir film Double Indemnity, both with a circular narrative, beginning as they end, the audience constantly aware of the protagonists fate. This typical iconography makes it clear in the audiences mind the genres of this film, which could subconsciously help the audience to unravel Leonards mystery. Even the themes of revenge and betrayal are telling noir characteristics. As a generic -hybrid, this film contains the appealing characteristics of a crime, drama, thriller; hence not only enabling the film to appeal to a wide and varied audience, but also preparing the spectators for an innovative and less conventional film. The film is clearly a detective-crime from the beginning, with the death of Teddy and Leonards conversations on the phone seeking information about John G, also the evidence such as John Gs number plate and description written down on the wall. The film also quickly establishes itself as a thriller, what with the suspense and tension built up within the first few minutes of Memento, which manages to sustain throughout the film. However, although it distinguishes its genres, it still manages to trick the audiences as to each characters role, referring back to Vladimir Propp, what with Leonard appearing the villain and Teddy the victim, and Natalie an innocent who turns out to be the films femme fatale. Thus we can see, Memento is a film in which being confusing, enthralling and frustrating, it revels in teasing and misleading its audience, both through genre typography and narrative structure. Its a mark of Nolans achievement that this final scene which seemingly completes the narrative jigsaw should cast a cloud over Leonards motives. Its a stunning tease, a tantalisingly ambiguous note on which to sign off, one that scatters our sense of certainty as we rerun the events of the past two hours in our heads.

Subvert and Suborn

Subvert and Suborn Subvert and Suborn Subvert and Suborn By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a discussion of the words subvert and suborn. Both are verbs and both have been used with meanings no longer common. Deriving ultimately from a Latin word for â€Å"to overturn,† subvert came into English from French subvertir, â€Å"to raze, destroy completely.† The meaning has developed from the literal destruction of a town or building to mean the overturning of an established practice or belief. Example: Critics assert that allowing women to become priests would subvert apostolic teachings regarding the role of women in the Church. Subvert was once used to mean the bringing down of a nation or a state, but now the sense is â€Å"to undermine without necessarily bringing down the established authority.† Example: Efforts are being made by means of sabotage to subvert that country’s efforts to build a war machine. Socrates was accused of subverting youth with his teachings. This sense of subvert is â€Å"to corrupt or pervert a person, or a persons mind, causing the person to turn away from a path or belief regarded as right or proper.† Jazz and rock music have been criticized as subverting youthful morals. Literary critics use the word subvert in terms of challenging and undermining a conventional idea, form, or genre by presenting it in a new way. An example of this use of subvert is the way Joss Whedon took the clichà © of the helpless, usually blonde, beauty who enters an alley to be murdered by a monster, and turned it on its head to create the character of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He â€Å"subverted† the horror genre. Subvert applies principally to the overthrow of ideas. Suborn has to do with causing an individual to commit a crime. Like subvert, suborn entered English by way of French. It meant â€Å"to induce a person to commit a crime, especially to give false testimony.† It now means â€Å"to cause a person to commit perjury.† The fictional ADAs on TV’s Law and Order often use the term â€Å"suborning perjury.† The legal term is defined as â€Å"the criminal offense of procuring another to commit perjury, which is the crime of lying, in a material matter, while under oath.† Note: ADA stands for Assistant District Attorney. In most U.S. jurisdictions, the District Attorney represents the government in prosecuting criminal offenses. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Essay Example In addition to that, the fair – trade movement promotes securing the rights of the marginalised sectors from the developing nations (EFTA, 2006). Indeed, the fair – trade movement has been one of the most constant and most unwavering criticisms of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) policies of deregulating barriers to trade. It is the case that the effectiveness of both the World Bank and the IMF are criticised because of its failure to further stand for the concerns of the developing world, including the interests for greater equity in trade (Share the World’s Resources (STWR), no date). Nonetheless, both these Bretton Woods Institutions together with the fair – trade movement are supposedly means to reduce the poverty occurring globally. With the contextualisation of the background of this research investigation, basically, the paradoxical function of fair – trade movement is observed. ... On the one hand, another vantage point proposes that this fair – trade does constitute a real alternative to the â€Å"Washington Consensus†. Given this contradicting points of view, this paper considers the need to critically review, analyse, understand and explain what really the role of the fair – trade it serves. Meanwhile, this paper mainly delves at discussing the function of the fair – trade movement in relation to World Bank and IMF. In order to further understand the focus of this paper, it intends to specifically obtain the following information. First, it points out to establishing what the functions of the World Bank and IMF are. Second, it seeks to grasp an understanding of the Washington Consensus. Third, it wants to analytically determine how the fair – trade movement is currently doing between the developed and developing nations. Through rooting out and analysing such data, it can finally discuss whether fair – trade is an ex tension of World Bank and IMF’s policies or if it constitutes a real alternative to the Washington Consensus. It is the case that there have been so many attempts in stating and assessing the functions and aims of fair – trade, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus in the context of development. It is in this regard why this paper is of significance. This paper is of importance because development is so much a relevant concept not only in the field of sociology but really in every part of the world especially that of the developing ones. By means of development, fair – trade, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus are really opportunities to achieve development especially among the disadvantaged nations. Review of Related Literatures This section of the paper will first present a

Gender Oppression Glossary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender Oppression Glossary - Essay Example Marxist feminists see the Capitalist mode of production as the root cause of all gender inequality. The capitalist framework of the society, its mode of operation and production is determined as the ultimate cause of all gender inequality and oppression of women. The oppression of women is a part of the larger Class Oppression where the male dominated society suppresses the rights and freedom of the women folk. Engels - The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State written by Engels after Marx’s death serves as the back bone for the cause of dismantling capitalism and social and economical equality. It was Engels’s treatise on Marx’s analysis and understanding of the society and his comments on progressive US scholar Lewis Henry Morgan. A deep exploration of the human society, its inbuilt instincts of gender organisation, and the tendency to form a patriarchal society based on male domination is done in the book The Post Medieval Concept of Family and Marriage: Male Privilege A society is identified by its class framework, or in other words a society and its individuals are identified and heavily influenced by the system of classification of its people. The needs, opportunities and privileges given on the basis of factors like gender, social status, cast etc form a decisive factor in determining the behaviour and nature of society. In a patriarchal society that is governed by the laws of heterosexuality, deeming it to be main-stream and globally accepted, male privilege and male domination became an inevitable reality. The society is skewed in terms of gender equality considering that the modern, global society accepts a man to be the head of the house, taking all the important decisions (financial, legal, social etc), whereas the woman is not considered an equally partner. Gender oppression finds another channel of execution through the stark male domination in every area in the society, whether it is leading the family, or lead ing a cultural or social organisation, whether it is heading the work place or the government. According to Marxist feminist theory this is due to the root cause of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production. Some Marxist feminist theorists consider the nature of men to be the root cause of female oppression. Male privilege and the inequality in rights, opportunities, position, contribution and influence in society between male and female classes has been as old as division of society into classes. It has not existed since the beginning, but gradually gathered popularity and momentum through the introduction of a class based barbaric society. Along with the class society, private property and the state, the bourgeois family too has a distinct beginning. Male privilege is only as old as the division of the society into classes. Patriarchy Patriarchy as opposed to matriarchy is based on the concept of Male leadership of the household, where the title can be traced through male l ineage. The title and its inheritance by subsequent generations are of a man’s and from a man’s. This serves as the foundation of a patriarchal society. Patriarchy is ancient and dates back to primitive human society dominated by male power to hunt, fight, capture and colonise. Thus arose the system of a male dominated, patriarchal system of society where the male

The Difference Between Truth And Belief

The Difference Between Truth And Belief The word truth can have a variety of meanings, from honesty and faith to a verified fact in particular.[1] The term has no single definition about which a majority of professional philosophers and scholars agree, and various theories of truth continue to be debated. There are differing claims on the roles that revealed and acquired knowledge play; and whether truth is subjective, objective, or absolute. Though truth is generally believed to be both subjective and objective, belief is assumed to be objective which means it differs from person to person. For example, I believe that the sky is blue entails that I think that this proposition is true. The ways by which we acquire knowledge, can be differentiated into four broad categories, sense perception, language, emotion and reasoning. The four ways of knowing help us to identify and differentiate between subjective and objective truths. It is generally assumed language gives us access to subjective truths while reason gives us access to objective truths. For example, the various mathematical proofs, theories and formulae that are in use today are in practice because of they have been proved by reason and are considered as objective mathematical truths. However, some theories and formulas are axiomatic truths. Axiomatic truths are self evident truths or basic facts which are accepted without any proof. On the contrary, perception and emotion are believed to result in subjective truths. From past experiences, I have generalized that objects left out in the rain get wet. Through reasoning I apply this understanding to tonights rainfall, and conclude that my own bicycle will get wet if it is left out in the backyard. Reason can help us to identify both subjective and objective truths. For example, reason can help to distinguish between objective mathematical truths and subjective artistic truths. Thus, from the above examples it can be seen that the various ways of knowing , alone can help to identify truths. But, the ways of knowing may also work together to give us the truth. For example, in science the way of knowing of reason and sense perception may work collaboratively to give us the objective truths. Some examples are objects falling on the ground with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. However, if reason helps us to identify and distinguish between objective mathematical truths such as the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 and subjective artistic truths such as Beethovens 9th symphony is his best, it does not mean that reason is superior to the other ways of knowing because each of the ways of knowing has its own limitations and may not necessarily g ive us the absolute truth. The way of classical inductive reasoning can lead to false claims. Consider this example, I saw a duck and it was black. I saw a second duck and it was black. I saw a third duck and it was black. I saw an Nth duck and it was black. A general statement becomes the conclusion All ducks must be black. After tens of thousands of instances of black ducks in Africa, Asia and North America I go to the UK and see a white duck, right in the middle of a lake. One false instance is enough to topple over the general conclusion I had painstakingly reached. In the wake of the development in sciences and the extensive use of reason in daily life, a question is raised Is reason the most superior way of knowing?. Reason has give rise to many scientific explanations and theories such as the formulae of mathematics and the laws of physics. In the AOK of science, the various laws of gravity in physics have been defined after reason and research. For example, if I observe that the gravity is always same when I undertake an experiment, by inductive reasoning I will assume that this will always be the case if I measure gravity on any X place in the world. The general statement becomes the conclusion The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. But, if I were to conduct the same experiment at the North or the South pole I would find that the value of gravity is more than what I had found before, as the earth is elliptical and the poles are closer to the earths core. Also, the value of gravity would be quite different if I were to conduct the same experiment at the equatorial regions .Thus, as we can see, the reasoned assumption can sometimes lead to a paradigm shift i.e. true in specific environments so not a universal truth. Even if the experiment is conducted hundreds of times, there is always a possibility that an exception will be found and the theory would be falsified like in the case of the white duck. Thus, it is suggested that a hypothetical deductive method should be used, which is a continual interplay between deductive and inductive reasoning, mediated by testing done in the real world, whereby false hypotheses are discarded through trial and disproof. However, there is a possibility that somebody may stumble upon a case that falsifies the conclusion. The other knowledge issue raised is How far do our cultural beliefs distort our attempts to distinguish between subjective and objective theories?. For example, a recent case in India, where cultural beliefs are followed on a large extent, the idols of Lord Ganesha in temples all over the country were believed to be drinking milk from the offerings by visitors and followers. Thus, the subjective truth of all the followers was that the idol of Lord Ganesha was drinking milk. However, scientists conducted various experiments on the idols thereafter and came out with an objective explanation whereby the subjective truth of the followers was falsified. The rationalists and the scientists proved that the result was because of the surface tension and the absorption capabilities of the materials of which the idols were made .Thus, the cultural belief in India that the offerings by devotees are consumed by the god , gave rise to the subjective truth and distorted the objective truth. Also , another knowledge issue which is raised is How to do we get from our subjective beliefs to our objective truths ? . Darwins theory of evolution was based on his observations and is believed to be true especially by most of todays scientists. Darwins subjective belief in evolutionary theory was transformed into an objective truth. He proposed that all of the millions of species of organisms present today, including humans, evolved slowly over billions of years, from a common ancestor by way of natural selection  [1]  . However, certain counter-claims make us believe that the theory of evolution is false. According to the theory of natural selection birds could never evolve to fly  [2]  while this is certainly not the case. Though subjective beliefs can be and have been transformed into objective truths by repeated experimentation, it is possible that a single counter-claim could forge the conclusion and prove the theory to be wrong. The distinction between subjective and objective truths also raises the knowledge issue Is emotion an effective way of distinguishing between subjective and objective truths ? . For example, in Ethics we may use reason effectively to distinguish between the reasons why we should switch off a life-support machine on a family member and why we shouldnt, but reason may not take into account the emotional pressures we feel in the moment of flicking the switch, or emotion may even over-rule reason to some extent. The ongoing debate between subjective and objective truths also raises the knowledge issue Are there any absolutely certain objective truths independent of what we believe to be true? . This knowledge issue takes into account absolute truths. An absolute truth, sometimes called a universal truth, is an unalterable and permanent fact  [3]  . Many religions contain absolute truths. For example, a Christian might believe Lord Jesus to be his savior. To the Christian this may be an absolute truth. While many may agree that the Christian believes absolutely that Jesus is his Lord, they are unlikely to agree that Jesus is everyones Lord is an absolute truth. Centuries of missionary work is evidence of the human sense of infallibility in this area and is shown by the movie the mission in which a Spanish jesuist travels to the south American wilderness in the hope of converting the Indians into Christians . When a persons absolute truth is extended to all other people, it can be viewed as a philosophical statement of exclusion. Those who do not endorse the absolute truth of another are either pitied or attacked  [4]  and results in war and oppression. The method of the natural sciences involves perception as part of the collection of data to prove or disprove theories about the natural world for example , the development of the big bang theory by Edwin Hubble was based on his investigation of mysterious masses of stars called Nebulae. However, the problem is that a scientists observations may be limited by the instruments they use to make their observations. However, several of these theories are considered as absolute truths today inspite of what we believe. Again, Historians might provide primary sources to represent the absolute objective truth of the horrors of Stalins reign of terror, but the problem is this: how do we know that those sources havent been tampered with if Stalins regime was capable of doctoring evidence during his rule, isnt this even more rife in an age where everyone has access to Photoshop?

Han and Roman Dynasty View on Technology

After studying the provided documents (#1-8) its come to my understanding that both the Han and Roman empires thought of technology as useful and somewhat revolutionary, but both of them had somewhat different feelings of it. The Han dynasties attitude toward technology was that they thought it was very benefical, and they admired it. The reason this was because they though it to be very helpful in agriculture and construction purposes. Evidence of the positive effects of this can be seen in Document 4: History of the Early Han Dynasty which tells of a governer of Nanynay and as the very generous and loving person he was his policies also refelcted his personality. He had so much love for his people he wanted to lift weight of their shoulders and make their lives a little easier by inventing a water-powered blowing-engine which was enjoyed by eveyone adopted and spread his invention. The Roman empire however were not as positive about technology as the Hans. Even though they appreciated it to some extent the main viewpoint from the documents suggested that they thought of it was a bit demeaning also. Evidence can be found in Document 7, written by an upper-class Roman philospher and adviser which was saying that he did not believe that tools were created by â€Å"wise men† meaning a very developed mind, or someone who was thinking outside the box. He believe like the hammer for instance was created by a simple minded human, though its a very popular tool it was not advanced a tool as it could've been. Han and Romans both used technology for conservation and storage purposes of water in the environment. In Document 1 written by a Han goverment official. He wrote about the most efficent ways to ensure that flooding would be prevented. He thinks everyone should cooperate togther as a team, the high officals should patrol each side of the river and the common people should help in construction and repair. They welcome technology in this way because it will be saving the lives of people. In Document 8 written by a Roman general, governer of Britain, Frontinus, and water commissioner for city of Rome which basically brags about how great and sufficient their water system of distribution and compares it even to the great pyramids using the word ide meaning a waste of time, non functioning. By saying this you could imply how they looked down upon other structures that weren't their own, no matter how great. Saying that their construction is both useful and a marval and ts just something pretty to look at. The Roman empire and Han dynasty both needed technology to be able to help with their agricultural and structure building accuracy. In Document 6 written by Plutarch, Greek-born Roman citizen and high officals describe second-century B. C. E Roman political leader Gaius Gracchus, first century C. E. he is admired for his appliance[->0] of the condtion plan of the grace, beauty, detailed that he put into he design of the columns and the other monuments of Rome. In Document 3: New Discourses written by Hauan Tan an upper-class Han philopsher is saying how a mythological wise emperor Fuxi invented the pestle and mortar after it was imporved it thus notably increased the efficiency in China. These 2 documents show that technology was used profusely and was progressing. Document 2: written bu Huan Guan a han goverment offical, Discourses on Salt and Iron he describes how the salt and iron markets begin to manufacture backwards or useless tools. Previously these tools were quite excellent in quality but now that the state has monopolized the salt and iron trades most of the tools provided are hard to work with. This is a view by the Romans that demonsrtaes the more negative side of technlogy or how they were highly upset and unimpressed with the technology. In Document 5 written but Ciero and upper class political leader On Duty he finds that working in a workshop is not only degrading but he doesn't find it enlightening or in other words he thinks that it's useless. Ciero finds no use for technology, and that may be beacuse of his high placing in society he's not in touch with the world of craftsmen whatsoever so there is of course no use for it to him. Another example of a high class official having a negative view was in 7, like stated before Seneca believed that tools were useless he an adviser to Emperor Nero so that could be a reason why his views were different. The lower ranking people, or commoners can only use tools so that's why I believe that they were so grateful for the technology they were given ot provided with. The upper class people only use the finished poduct they don't know the importance of tools. The Roman and Han both found technoloy very useful and an everyday neccessary. Although the Han viewed the technology verey beneficial for their agriculture and praised the advanced tools and their inventors and well as their own work. The Romans only appreciated the product of technology and its design and craftmeship. Both civilizations technology was very imortant and helped to advance both that can still be seen in China today. [-;0] – /Dictionary/search? q=define+appliance=DTPDIA

The Role of Photography on Psyche and Behavior - 2405 Words

As photography captures moments, memories and references; psychologists have become interested in the role of photography on psyche and behaviour. Henkels interest leads to a study exploring influences of photography on memories of a museum tour, testing effects of viewing conditions on memory measures. Henkels (2013) study is designed to determine if photographing objects effects recall of object features and location. Participants were given a guided tour of a museum, and either observed or photographed objects. If photographs were zoomed, more details about the object and location were recalled compared to observation and photography; while photographing the object as a whole produced lower recall of detail and location than observation. The results suggest a photo-taking-impairment effect, and key difference between peoples and camera memory. The additional cognitive and attentional activity produced by focussing may null this effect. Reference to the role in episodic memory retr ieval photography plays is evident, while acknowledging dearth of research. Henkel (2013) acknowledges studies used passive camera event logging, with review increasing retention and cognition in neurologically impaired and healthy individuals (Berry et al., 2007; Loveday Conway, 2011). The author demonstrates studies of deliberate photography focus on organisational structure of time and events relative to autobiographical retention (Burt, Kemp, Conway, 2003, 2008; Kemp, Burt, Show MoreRelatedArt Is An Essential Part Of Life1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe one she wishes to have the most. This beautiful painting makes me feel happy and sad simultaneously. It makes me happy because she chooses to have a family over else and sad because she appears to be alone and desperate for hope. Art plays a huge role in my life because it makes me think about important issues, things happening around me and does not leave me indifferent. 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Relationship Between Finance And The Real Economy

INTRODUCTION FINANCIALIZATION There is no consensus on how best to define financialization. Although the concept emerged within the Marxist tradition, there are conflicting views about the relationship between finance and the real economy. Baran and Sweezy (1966) explain that advanced capitalist states face a surplus absorption problem that inevitably leads to stagnation. To prevent the latter, unproductive consumption rises and the remaining surplus enters the sphere of circulation, particularly, financial activities. This is a stark contrast to Orthodox Marxists (cite), who explain the rise of finance as a consequence of the falling rate of profit in the sphere of production. The essential contention is that poor profitability in†¦show more content†¦Epstein (2001) defines financialization as follows: the importance of financial markets, financial motives, financial institutions and financial elites in the operation of the economy and its governing institutions, both at the national and international l evel. Since financialization was policy induced, a re-regulation of the financial sector was necessary to curb its excesses and increase employment and income (Crotty 2008, 2009; Crotty and Epstein 2008, 2009). Arrighi (1994) understood financialization as the last stage of the USA’s hegemonic power. As advanced capitalist states de-industrialize and lose their productive edge, the sphere of finance expands. After the collapse of Fordism, the Regulation School contends that financial markets became the new regime of regulation (Boyer 2000). Unlike Fordism, finance posed problems for employment, income and growth. Related to this tradition is the new corporate governance view, which argues that the main thrust of financialization is the preoccupation with shareholder value (Stockhammer 2006, Froud et al 2002, Williams 2000, Lazonick and O’ Sullivan 2000). This preoccupation leads to short termism through share buybacks that crowds out long-term real investments. Lapavitsas (2013) contends that the processes of finance should be analysed in their own right, rather than being treated as a surface phenomena sitting on top of real economic