Bias, A CBS Insider Exposes How The Media Distort The News

Bernard Goldberg, author of â€Å"Bias, A CBS Insider Exposes How The Media Distort The News† demonstrates in this book how the media are bias in their news reporting. He suggests that they slant their coverage of the news while they tell you that they are presenting all the facts that are involved in the news reports. The author takes a deep view into news reporting, in which he is a part of, in order to offer the public a better understanding of what exactly takes place with important stories in which the media covers, and how they offer an opinion that strongly reflects their own personal views on the topic.In 1996, Bernard Goldberg came clean with his opinion about the bias that he recognizes with the media. As a CBS news reporter, Goldberg discussed, before a public audience, the liberal bias in the media. It was clear that his associates weren’t happy about him mentioning his personal view on the topic and he quickly was treated differently because of his open ann ouncement. This book shows how one person can cause so much chaos in the news business by mentioning subjects that many who are also in the same business, would rather keep private.(Irvine, 2002) Reed Irvine, a media monitor tells us that â€Å"Goldberg was not fired but his career did not prosper. † This statement shows how by giving the truth facts can greatly make or break your career. We learn how Goldberg was treated differently after he made this claim by most people that he had been associating with in the industry. He mentions that some of his closest friends and colleagues turned on him in a negative way, after his admission, including a famous CBS news reporter, Dan Rather. Goldberg offers us a look inside the media and how the industry operates.For many people who have often wondered what goes on behind closed doors, with the media, they can gain valuable information from this book and be able to recognize hints and clues about stories that they are viewing and det ermine if they are getting all the facts about the story or if possibly and most likely, they are getting a bias opinion from the news reporter. Exposing colleagues was a feat that Goldberg took extremely seriously. He had to determine if his words would help society or harm them in any way.His clear decision to blow the whistle on the industry was a sacrifice in which Bernard Goldberg offered his listening public, so they could better make decisions, after hearing these reports from the media, and then make educated decisions about the stories that were being covered and then decide if what they were hearing was accurate stories or if they were simply reports that were altered or swayed in a direction that misled the public. In this book Goldberg shows that everyone does have a right to their own opinion and should be able to speak about subjects in a truthful manner.He displays honesty throughout the book and how telling the truth should be a must for the media, when delivering st ories that have huge impacts on the listening audience. For individuals to make a quick judgment after they listen to the news, should never happen because they must first decide if the information they are receiving is based on facts. Goldberg feels that the public has a right to know what is going on in our world, whether it is something that we need to know or whether high ranked officials feels that we should be kept in the dark.Regardless, Goldberg offers that the public does have a right to hear the truth and that the media needs to fess up and demonstrate only the facts while they report news event and stories. In exposing the media, Goldberg has ultimately placed his reputation and career on the line for the benefit of the general public when he discusses what the media is capable of. He clearly tells us how bias all network newscasts are, from his view point which drastically changes the way we interpret the news that we hear.This book offers both simple humor and seriousne ss on the author’s behalf and he remarkably describes his personal outlook and perception of the media, which offers a huge gift to the public of knowing what exactly goes on with the bias reports that we are given in our news reports, each day. The mainstream press takes on a whole new description and by reading this book, you will be greatly aware of the problems that are associated with the media and what they are and are not allowed to say to the public.The media often desires for the listening audiences to view a story in a very similar manner that they do, themselves. By offering parts and pieces of stories that reflect their own interpretations, and adding their own input on the situation being reported on, the audience hears exactly what is intended for them to hear, we learn from Goldberg. This guided opinion that is adopted by the public is not necessarily and very rarely the complete facts about the story.Rhetoric speaking leads the listeners in a certain direction and Goldberg expresses his dissatisfaction about this occurrence with the media. We can easily sense the courage of Goldberg, as we read about the events that made him such a criticized individual because of his clear views about the media. The author doesn’t really seem as angry as most people probably would, when placed in a similar situation. He only seems to offer his words of honesty, displaying his true caring intentions for the his audience of public listeners.When he talks about being shut out or treated with disrespect by members of the media, I feel that he was hurt but he didn’t allow this hurt to push him under. This hurt only encouraged him to be stand strong in what he believed in and he had to make a decision to continue to be honest with the public or to sit back and be rejected by the media. He obviously chose to persist with his views about what was taking place with the media, and in writing this book, he demonstrates his strong will and dedication to those who deserve to know the complete truth.

Manchester United Economic Impact

c Impact Manchester United’s Economic Impact By Dalton Truax For Mike Pearson Sports Marketing & Management 28 February 2013 Introduction Manchester United is the most valuable sports club to exist so surely the club must make the city a lot of money every year, right? Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, and the most popular soccer club in the world is Manchester United. There is no denial that Manchester United has had a huge cultural impact as well as made many social contributions to its locale, but what about the team’s economic impact?Manchester United has influenced the local and regional economy in many ways, with most of them being exclusively positive. Some of the ways the club has influenced the local and regional economy are through networking, the economic impact of the supporters, employment, real estate, multiplier effects, and marketing of the city. Networks, Suppliers, Supporters I will first focus on Manchester United’s economic impact through networking, suppliers, and attracted supporters. First and foremost, there is most definitely an economic impact as a result of networking and suppliers.Penn’s model illustrates how a soccer club can play a role in regional development, using three possible network types. [1] In the first model (Figure 1), the club operates as an isolated business. The development effect is limited to the income that is spent again in the local economy, the income multiplier. The second model (Figure 2) embodies the situation in which the club has relations with other local companies like suppliers, subcontractors, and others, where the club is the heart of the economical development. Read also Twitter Case StudyThe given companies depend very much on the club. The last model (Figure 3) describes a network that does not exclusively depend on the soccer club. This is the case with the sponsor and merchandising network of Manchester United. Although the sponsor and merchandising networks are mostly situated on a national level, some of these companies can have an impact on the local scale. [2] Figure 1 [pic] Figure 2 [pic] Figure 3[pic] Manchester United has a worldwide fan base. There are supporters clubs all over the world because of their popularity.Supporters have an economical impact on the regional and local economy because of what they spend on transport, drinks, food, etc. A study on Manchester United supporters shows us that a supporter spends an average of $25 on drinks, food, and other products per match. [3] If the supporters are from outside the region, they bring in money to the local economy. We have to take into account that the soccer related expens es by local supporters are not an extra input for the local economy. A very limited number of seats are reserved for the supporters of the opposing team. 0% of the supporters are local, 40% are from the northwest region outside of the local community, and from outside the regional community are another 30%. [4] This means that a total of 70% of the supporters can generate a positive economic impact for the local economy, and 30% can do this for the regional economy. There were 68,187 seats in Old Trafford in 2010 and around 40 matches a year. This results in a yearly net income of $4,221,560,700. On a regional scale, this results in $18,092,403,000 every year. 5] These supporters’ expenditures end up especially in the hands of the hotel and catering industry in the immediate area around the stadium. Hotels are almost always full on the day of games. The direct employment by the club also has an economical impact, which is magnified by the income multiplier. The players may al so influence the real estate market quite a bit; players often invest in residential developments and other real estate operations. It is assumed that the presence of soccer players in a neighborhood can add to the attraction of that neighborhood.Some real estate agencies even try to attract soccer players to luxurious neighborhoods just so that they can attract other wealthy people. [6] National Image Because of globalization, cities and regions worldwide have entered into a struggle for investment, tourism, and development. Marketing of the city is a very important tool when it comes to this. The question is which role sports, and more specifically soccer clubs like Manchester United, can play here. Entertainment is playing a bigger and bigger role in society as the years go by. So, how does the government view Manchester United in this matter?The government acknowledges the important role Manchester United plays as a catalyst for marketing of the city. They regard Manchester Unit ed mainly as a publicity channel for the region to attempt to attract tourists, as well as companies to the region. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council also uses the presence of Manchester United to further develop the area around the club. They have a long-term vision for the development of Old Trafford, the team’s historic stadium. The role of Manchester United in attracting businesses is very significant.The club can attract businesses itself but can only do this for businesses that benefit from the actual matches taking place, such as pubs and hotels. On the other hand, the club functions as a publicity channel for the region. It draws attention, and is always a good way to start a conversation. In this way, the club has indirectly made a large contribution to bring businesses and investments to the region. The brand name is known all over the world and puts Manchester on the map. Therefore it is of extreme importance that the club keeps a positive image and identity fo r the city.Conclusion We can conclude that Manchester United does not only have a cultural importance, but that they can also make an economical contribution by networking, the impact of supporters on surrounding businesses, and the role they might play in marketing for the city and regional development. The economic impact of Manchester United is vast and in many ways cannot even be described in numbers. ———————– [1]https://aow. kuleuven. be/geografie/toekomstigestudenten/onderzoek/vandenbroucke/fig1b_penn_model. gif [2]http://aow. kuleuven. e/geografie/toekomstigestudenten/onderzoek/vandenbroucke/index. html [3]http://www. foxbusiness. com/personal-finance/2011/12/20/5-pricey-nfl-stadiums-that-will-sack-your-wallet/ [4]http://www. telegraph. co. uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/9795377/Twitter-map-finally-reveals-exactly-where-Manchester-United-fans-live. html [5]http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-02-21/manches ter-united-quarterly-profit-rises-31-on-finance-costs-sponsors. html [6]http://lifestyle. ezinemark. com/luxurious-houses-of-premier-league-players-773659074564. html

Media Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Audiences - Essay Example Stuart Hall defines culture as, "actual grounded terrain of practices, representations, languages and customs of any specified society (Hall, 1996)." By this definition, western culture is its own society, but when referred to, the regions most commonly thought of as embodying western culture are Europe and the United States. The most significant aspect of western culture has to do with the ideology of the hegemony in charge. In western culture this would be the business moguls especially those that own media companies, majority members of government Hall defines representation as "How the world is socially constructed and represented to and by us (Hall, 1996)." The representation is key because it dictates how a group of people will interact with their culture and also how other cultures will preconceive and then receive members of a certain society. Highly acclaimed French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has done much work on culture and its influence on decision making. He finds that the public has no genuine representation in democratic societies. When people tend to watch media coverage of certain events and they see the results of polls and statistics, they perceive the information from the perspective of a rational choice theorist. Most people based their decisions on the grounds of believing this theory, but Bourdieu is in opposition to it. Rational Choice theory is the belief that human beings naturally choose a given path dependant on whether it is the best means to achieve their goals. It is a belief in methodological individualism; this meaning it adopts the belief that social situations, and group behavior is solely the result of individual action. Within this theory, corporations and national governments are viewed as individual operators as well. The problem that arises with this theory are the certain assumptions. Thi s theory assumes human beings are aware of certain information, of which they aren't always aware, and it assumes that individuals consistently make mental calculations to determine their next decision. He points out how this belief contributes to the human tendency to conform when he argues that, Doing one's duty as a man means conforming to the social order, and this is a fundamentally a question of respecting rhythms, keeping pace, not falling out of line. 'Don't we all eat the same wheat cake Don't we all get up at the same time These various ways of reasserting solidarity contain an implicit definition of the fundamental virtue of conformity. (Bourdieu, 1977) He later goes on to show that conformities only other opposition is eccentricity, which becomes natural for those intrigued by it irregularity. the opposite of which is the desire to stand apart from others. Working while the others are resting, staying in the house while the others are working in the fields, traveling on deserted roads, wandering round the streets of the village while the others are asleep or at the market - these are all suspicious forms of behavior. The eccentric who does everything differently... (Bourdieu, 1977) Bourdieu believes that society cannot just be analyzed in terms of economic classes and ideologies, but that individual education and culture must be applied as well. Bourdieu does not separate people based on class and then analyze them, but groups everyone into what he calls a field/ social arena. This contradicts classic Marxism, as well

Annotated bibliography ( Professional research and evaluation ) Essay

Annotated bibliography ( Professional research and evaluation ) - Essay Example Hess, J., Rothgeb, J. and Zukerberg, A. (1997) Survey of program dynamics pretest evaluation report [Internet], Survey of Program Dynamics, US Census Bureau. Available from [Accessed 13 March 2012]. In order to check whether a survey questionnaire would be able to obtain necessary information as well as being easy for adolescents and pre-adolescents to answer them under a specific timeframe, pre-testing them in various sample populations were necessary, as explained by the authors. Pensoneau-Conway, S.L. and Toyosaki, S. (2011) Automethodology: tracing a home for praxis-oriented ethnography. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10 (4), pp. 378-400. This article showed how not detaching oneself from a group being studied could give a whole new perspective to ethnographic studies, such as showing a sense of self, home, and culture and putting oneself in the other’s shoes, instead of just being an onlooker. Rodriguez, K.L., Schwartz, J.L., Lahman, M.K.E. and Geist, M.R. (2011) Culturally responsive focus groups: refraining the research experience to focus on participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10 (4), pp. 400-418. The use of focus groups is very relevant, especially in qualitative research in social sciences. This article discusses how using culturally responsive researches can give respondents a chance to show their true selves, thus giving a better picture of the views and ideas of different groups, especially marginalized cultures. Sakshaug, J.W., Yan, T. and Tourangeau, R. (2010) Nonresponse error, measurement error, and mode of data collection: tradeoffs in a multi-mode survey of sensitive and non-sensitive items. Public Opinion Quarterly [Internet], 74 (5), pp. 907-933. Available from [Accessed 14 March 2012]. The authors were able to discuss the other side of surveys, which is the correction of errors obtained during sampling. The relationships between the administration style of the survey and the type of errors most likely to occur were also presented, as well as possible ways to reduce them. Schonlau, M., Fricker, R.D. and Elliott, M.N. (2002) Conducting research surveys via e-mail and the web, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation Internet survey is considered one of the cheapest forms of surveying since there is less effort to implement it. However, certain considerations must be made in order for its success, such as appropriateness, sample size and sensitivity of the issue at hand. This book assesses the problems and the solutions for internet survey to work. Smart, C. (2011) Ways of knowing: crossing species boundaries. Methodological Innovations Online [Internet], 6(3), pp. 27-38. Available from [Accessed 13 March 2012]. In order to control a horse, not only does the handler recognise visual cues but also subconsciously read the horse’s movements, and react accordingly to it. Over time it becomes automatic for the handler, who reacts to the horse’

Literary analysis for Grief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literary analysis for Grief - Essay Example The cruel hand of death was seen with just a mere act of coming together to have dinner. The event was simply beyond her understanding. According to her, life can change instantly. Her words can be taken to be mute. She could not describe what happened at that time until nine months afterwards. Her account can be best described as a great work of testimony, reach in power, grace and generosity as Joan emerges from grief. The unbelievable contrast between the ordinary circumstances and the extraordinary event that comes afterwards goes round and round Joan’s minds. She tries to reconnect events like death with grief. She meditates on family life and children. How people become sick and how they heal afterwards. She gets into deep thought on how human beings takes life normal, may be thinking that death is far away. She generally gets to view life from another perspective. Joan loved her husband so much that when death snatched him from her, she becomes deeply affected and canno t imagine how cruel life is sometimes destined to be. They had had a happy life for over forty years. Their idea of marriage was working together and cooperation. They worked for thirty five years together at home. The couples shared a lot, depended on each other so much and paid attention to one another’s ideas and thoughts. ... People have the notion that a close relative or friend can die but the thoughts given to the events that are likely to follow are very small or not matching the magnitude of responsiveness a person can show. We only expect that one may just have a mere shock on receiving news of death but there is more to it than that, there is a heavy effect it leaves on both the mind and the body. As she describes the difference between real grief and the mere thoughts of grief, great powers of her reflections are shown. According to her, as days pass by, the effects of grief reduce unlike the earlier days. According to her, the common belief that a funeral is the heightened moment of grief, is unreality. This is because a funeral is just a celebration that must occur to give a chance for others to pay their last respect to the deceased, but those affected will still be undergoing the reality of living without the deceased; a time of meaninglessness in life . In giving her account on grief, Joan co mpares and contrasts two angels of looking at grief: individual and universal perspective. Since she was a child, Joan understood that change cannot be avoided and that nature shall always be the same. In her opinion this is even captured in the payer that God’s glory will always be. The challenge that comes is balancing the fact that everyone will face death and the meaning of existence. Self pity is another component of grief that is contemplated in her testimony of grief. After careful analysis of events that come with grief, Joan is of the opinion that having self pity is normal. Self-pity is a natural phenomenon. She accepts that one can only learn and understand life’s ways given time and experiences. It leaves one a completely changed perception. (De Beauvoir

Gaps in Talent Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gaps in Talent - Assignment Example Two of these include the use of skills testing or audit and training and development. Skills audit or testing basically involves the act of engaging employees in an organized formal test that mostly comes in a pencil and paper format. This is done to test the cognitive abilities of the workers in specific areas of the work that they are supposed to do. Basing on the outcome of such skills audit or test, it is possible to identify major gaps as represented by areas where employees scored lowest marks. With the gaps known, the right steps in terms of filling them through recruitment is then taken. Training and development has also been noted to be a highly preferred technique of identifying gaps in talent when the ambition of the manager is to double the effort of identifying the gaps with the development of lapses (Davenport, Harris & Shapiro, 2010). This is because training and development is used with the original intention of equipping the existing skills and talents of employees. However whiles doing this, it could be seen that there are employees who constantly fail to adapt to specific concepts of human capital development or training. Once such areas of deficiencies are identified, they can be itemized as part of the core gaps in talent that need to be replaced with more suitable candidates. In recent times, another technique that has been used independent of the first two discussed is multisource assessment. This is done by combining the ratings received from supervisors, peers and employees to find areas of strengths and weaknesses associated with the overall output of work and delivery of specific employees. Once this is used, it is aimed at receiving variety of opinions and ideas about a specific aspect of the human resource so as to know if there are gaps in these areas (Silzer & Dowell, 2010). The use of multisource assessment when compared to the first two techniques reveals different lines of strengths or merits. As far as the multisource

How the simple search engine became a leader in the technology Term Paper

How the simple search engine became a leader in the technology industry - Term Paper Example Google has reported big increases in sales and profits for the first quarter ended 31 March, 2005 as web advertising and sponsored search revenues continue to grow. The search engine company reported net profits of $369.2m (?205.1m) on sales of $1.26bn for the quarter. This compares with a net profit of $64m on sales of $651.6m for the same quarter last year (Savaas, 2005) In 2005, Google joined the list of 100 most powerful companies in the world. Google’s revenues increased steadily over the last few years. Even though Google started as a search engine company, they have many other product or service portfolios such as social networking, operating systems, online books, mobile phones, healthcare etc at present. In this project I will discuss and elaborate on the changes Google has made from being a user service for search to an internet giant in terms of many different aspects of technology. These aspects range from their original search, to email, to videos, to retail, to m obile industry to much more. Analyzing the changes in the past 15 years will produce the how and why Google is one of the kings of marketing and advertising. Google’s journey towards an industry leader During the initial periods of 2000, Google realised that search engine business alone may not help them to sustain their position as an industry leader in IT industry. Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft and Yahoo like IT business companies raised stiff challenges to Google’s business interests during this period. Amazon was the leader in online book business. In order to seize leadership in online book industry, Google has established an online book store in 2004. In December 2010, Google expanded its online book store in the name of Google eBooks (Google Editions) and it is now became the biggest online book store, in the world. As of now Google’s book collection have already crossed the 20 million mark. Social networking is another area in which Google made its mark. Google plus is the social network introduced by Google to counter the challenges from arch rival Facebook. â€Å"Google CEO Larry Page trotted out an impressive statistic during January 2012 quarterly earnings call: Google+ now has 90 million users, double what it had three months ago. Even better, 60 percent of those users are engaged daily, and 80 percent weekly† (Brodkin, 2012). Even though Google Plus membership is extremely small compared to that of facebook, many people believe that it has the potential to beat facebook in near future itself. Operating system market is another area in which Google established themselves in the recent past. Apple was the industry leader in touchscreen phone and tablet markets until recent times. In fact Apple’s ‘I† series products such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, etc brought enormous success to them. Today apple is the second largest company in the world in terms of market capitalization. Moreover they are the most va luable technology company in the world at present. In order to expel apple from the top spot, Google established business tie ups with Samsung like mobile phone and tablet manufacturers. Google devised a special operating system; android for the modern smartphones and tablets. Current android operating system is believed to be the best in the industry. Its latest version jelly bean is causing all problems to apple’

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy Coursework

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy market; and discuss if more competition between the big six UK energy firms may benefit UK consumers - Coursework Example However, the fact that consumers don’t complain about the market operations provokes thinking that the market is fair to both buyers and sellers. But this is not the case since consumers silence might be led by the inelasticity of demand. The main mandate of OFGEM is to set rules and regulations, implement them and maybe punish firms who act against customer satisfaction. With close link t the government, OFGEM ensures that energy regulatory system remains sound in that it protects consumers as well as ensuring a cost effective investment. So far, OFGEM has initiated new entrant protection plans such as regulating the big six firm’s tariff plans made to bar customers from shifting. As matter of fact, each policy that OFGEM, as it will be shown later in this essay, reduces the big firms power making the environment better for consumers and new entrants The UK energy sector is divided into three sections; energy generation, energy transportation and energy supply. The three sectors are open and allow other firms to enter. However, the six firms tend to combat the market making it hard for new entrants. As matter of fact, government does not produce energy in UK, neither does it control price. Therefore, the quantity of energy supplied barely depends on market forces and so does the price. The existence of several suppliers gives the buyer an opportunity to choose where to buy from. The big six offer many options for customers to choose from. There are also independent suppliers. As noted earlier, prices are higher than the competitive market price, and increase more than the cost of production. The price of gas and electricity showed an increasing trend between 2007 and 2013, and is expected to rise higher by 2020 if not regulated. This increment signifies a rise in supplier’s power to raise prices and hence, a prove that the market is not a competitive market structure (Sloman and Garratt 2013). Moreover, firms in the generation

Roles and Desires of Men in the olden times based on the Story Faust Essay Example for Free

Roles and Desires of Men in the olden times based on the Story Faust Essay In the lives of men and women, different thoughts and desires have come to their minds. Various types of needs and aspirations are known to have been in the back of their minds. With this thought, most of these men and women tend to aspire things which sometimes translated into dreaming. In the psychoanalyst’s point of view, dreaming is something that is from our unconscious. The thoughts which different individuals had which had been pushed in the back of their minds show while we are in deep slumber. In the book scene The Witch’s Kitchen is able to analyze the theory made by Sigmund Freud relating to the story written by the Goethe â€Å"Faust†. The story of â€Å"Faust† is a German Folk Tale in which many different authors had created their own version in order to relate to their time. Through all the available versions, Freud utilized the Goethe’s version in order to explain his theory of â€Å"Outline of Psychoanalysis† (Prokhoris Foreword). Sabine contradicts most of the theory made by Freud and explains that the literary work of Goethe is just a material in which the psychoanalyst utilized in order to make his theory evident. But still, Sabine explained in the whole book that the theory is unlikely to be related to the written work of Goethe. It is stated that the different actions of characters where only a translated or related as such due to the desire of Freud to explain his thoughts and justify his claim. However, in this paper, the analysis of the scene in The Witch Kitchen would not be close to psychoanalysis instead, it would focus on the regular lives of individuals. The analysis in this paper desires to relate the scenes which had made in the earlier period to the current state of mind of various individuals as well as the existing values and lifestyles of people. In this scene, the drama for the first time enters a feminine sphere after dwelling almost exclusively in all-male realms. Also, for the first time Faust experiences a domestic space, a kitchen. How does he react to it? What is the significance of this particular setting? It is known that a kitchen is normally known as a space for women in order to create a dish for the different individuals and their families. In some context, the kitchen is a place where in women devoted their time for the reason that they need to provide food to suppress the feeling of hunger which could result to pain or anger. It is stated in different parts in which directly states that the devil cannot create anything. Although the devil has the power to do different actions which are not naturally for any being, the devil cannot do anything for him or her to generate something. The devil still needs someone that could create something for him. At first Faust did not think that he would be lead into the kitchen of all the available places in the house. As said earlier, a kitchen is a feminine placed which is only designated for a woman. It is obvious that Faust was deeply wondering whether or not he is in the right place and what other possible actions could the devil be asking him now. In my own analysis he felt uncomfortable which then leads to not knowing what to do. But then, the devil was able to explain the different action which he needed to accomplish. Faust is not even close to the thought of having â€Å"girly† materials therefore he disgusts the thought and look of â€Å"dainty† materials around him. Like a typical man, having â€Å"girly† materials and thoughts is something very far from what he needs and wants. However in my own point of view, there is too much hatred which he felt for the â€Å"girly† materials around him. It could be assumed that he is truly angry with girls or he just simply hates dainty materials. In the current times, such materials are not truly hated by men. Although they do not use such material for themselves, there is no sign in which men acts violent when asked about something close to such. Faust’s hatred in my own reflection might be a sign that there is he had a history which such materials or with girls. In the other hand, it could also be assumed that he had frustrations if he sees such kinds of materials. In a feminist view point, the hatred of Faust could be immediately interpreted that he hates how women are—their attitude their characteristic and their desires. It is known that most women likes such things and most men want to give dainty and adorable things for women to make them happy. It is either he does not want to satisfy women in such sense or he just plainly despises such things for the reason that he is a man who has strong desire of â€Å"manly† things for himself. Like most men, he is someone who was acting tough without any acts of weakness. In the current times, if men desires to have dainty things and are fond or them, it means that he is a homosexual therefore, it could be directly stated that Faust is not homosexual. What is the significance of the image that appears to Faust in the magic mirror on the Witch’s wall? Are there other instances of mirroring in this scene In the first scene in which he entered the Kitchen and was asked if he wanted dainty materials he immediately despised everything and even cursed it. But then, in the scene where a mirror was laid in front of him, it is interesting that he saw a woman standing in front of the mirror. It is puzzling that he despised â€Å"girly† things while when he faced the mirror, he was not able to see himself but a woman who was beautiful which he adores. With such interesting scene there are many assumptions and reflections which could be made. First, it could be assumed that the reflection in the mirror reflects him self. It could be that he wanted to be a woman which could be connected to the happiness which he felt while looking at the mirror adoring the image in front of him. Having someone in front of him who he desires to be is something that homosexuals would be happy about. If this assumption is correct, Faust desires to be a woman and the hatred that he felt about dainty things is something that he was acting for the devil to not think otherwise. During the times where in the image of a beautiful woman was reflected there is a big part of him where he found happiness because in some ways he had become something that he was yearning for in such a long time. In another context, if he is heterosexual it could be easily said that he wants to be with a female. In the context that the story is within an all male realm, the yearning of Faust was awaken. Seeing a beautiful woman made him realize that he wants to be with her and wishes a person close to someone like the image in the mirror. In other conclusion, it could be stated that the image in the mirror is a person which he desires to be with him. It is the mirror who presented what he wanted therefore he became thrilled when he saw the woman. In my own interpretation, the woman he saw was someone who has a very beautiful face, angelic and kind. It could be said that she was the one he wanted for him self to be his partner or his wife in the future. The delight in which was expressed by Faust had been something that was very exquisite. It almost felt like she was what he was waiting for his whole life and that she was someone whom he would do anything for. In the current times, men do not see women in mirrors like Faust have experienced. They are seen everyday like other normal people. Genders are mixed and they are mingling with one another unlike in the story which they were all men in the story. Compared to the value Faust gave when he expressed his happiness while seeing the image, men are not anything close to such kind of value now a days. In the past, men are not as able or they could not easily get a woman which just a few actions. There is a process in which they follow in order to achieve the love and attention of women. Wooing is something that is not practiced now. Individuals just get together when they realize that they have something in common or they like each other. Although women are said to be someone who are special and is worth all the love and affection, some men do express that they do this in order to get what they want. Most of the time, men only uses some strategy to get what they want and need while on the other hand women become used and helpless. In some point, I reflected that situation that: what if there are no women just mirrors to see who and what we want? Would anyone be happy or satisfied? Would men be the men they are now? —most probably not. But then I ask myself, why did Faust look at the image was happily, as lovingly as he was? It puzzles me because none of the lines stated that he was homosexual or something that just wanted to have a family life. But then, I still believe that the imagery that he saw was something he wanted for himself that if he maybe able to have it he will surely be satisfied unlike the other things which are presented to him like the dainty things as well as the images which were focused on the story. In conclusion, the story of Goethe is something that is puzzling and intriguing due to the different contexts that it has. There were issues of gender and desires which could only be explained by the writer himself. However, such could not happen anymore. The theories and the real ideas of this story is left to its readers to assume and hypothesize the thoughts in which are made in the story.

Guiding Principals of Professional Learning Communities Essay Example for Free

Guiding Principals of Professional Learning Communities Essay Normally, in a professional learning community also known as a PLC, the educators work together brainstorming ideas, lessons, and activities that will support a plan to be implemented all in hopes of the student’s achievement. A professional learning community can benefit a school’s environment by reinforcing teacher morale and leadership skills. As the school moves forward, every professional in the building must engage with colleagues in the ongoing exploration of three crucial questions that drive the work of those within a professional learning community: †¢ What do we want each student to learn? How will we know when each student has learned it? †¢ How will we respond when a student experiences difficulty in learning? The answer to the third question separates learning communities from traditional schools. A PLC can serve as a support system that motivates teachers to follow a guided plan. Educators who are building a professional learning community recognize that they must work together to achieve their collective purpose of learning for all. Therefore, they create structures to promote a collaborative culture. This plan can include classroom assistants, parent volunteers, and other school personnel like librarians. The PLC culture can influence teachers through numbers. When teachers come together and have strength in numbers they can support each other, collaborate, and brainstorm the most effective methods and techniques to instruct the students. Even the grandest design eventually translates into hard work. The professional learning community model is a grand design, a powerful new way of working ogether that profoundly affects the practices of schooling. But initiating and sustaining the concept requires hard work. This is where the challenges may arise. It requires the school staff to focus on learning rather than teaching, work collaboratively on matters related to learning, and hold itself accountable for the kind of results that fuel continual improvement. A PLC will construct a solid foundation of committed teachers who are passionate about their career and working with families a nd fellow colleagues. The benefit(s) of a PLC is that everyone has the opportunity to be involved and share goals and positive learning experiences of the schools learning environment. When educators do the hard work necessary to implement these principles, their collective ability to help all students learn will rise. If they fail to demonstrate the discipline to initiate and sustain this work, then their school is unlikely to become more effective, even if those within it claim to be a professional learning community. The rise or fall of the professional learning community concept depends not on the merits of the concept itself, but on the most important element in the improvement of any school; the commitment and persistence of the educators within it. In conclusion, educators who work together form structured atmospheres that promote learning. References Barth, R. (1991). Restructuring schools: Some questions for teachers and principals. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(2), 123-129. Marzano, R. (2003). What works in Schools: Translating research into action, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Auteur Theory and Jean Luc Goddard’s Work

Auteur Theory and Jean Luc Goddard’s Work Introduction The word â€Å"auteur† simply means author; however the auteur theory as devised by Andrew Sarris indicates a manner of reading and appraisal of films by examining the imprint of the author of the work, generally the director. Sarris uses this theory to rank the work of directors on the basis of three separate criteria: (a) technical competence (b) stylistic identity and (c) the communicability of their worldview, and on this basis, Sarris examines the work of directors and estimates their worth.(Wells and Hakanen, 1997:313). Keller points out that the auteur theory or la politique des auteurs may be summarized as the â€Å"acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind any film.† (Keller 1930). The term, politque des auteurs was coined by Francois Truffaut, who realized that American Directors often worked within strictly circumscribed parameters in reference to the kinds of films and the scripts they could direct, since these were often predetermined and allowed the directors little room to experiment with their own ideas. Yet, despite these restrictions, some directors such as Hitchcock were able to achieve a personal style that was uniquely their own. The role of the director is to coordinate all the elements of production and its various stages, which ultimately affects the quality of the final product. The notion of the Director being the true author of a film first emerged through the views of Andrew Sarris, who offered the view that over the course of preparation of several films, a director may reveal certain recurring characteristics of styles or themes, which are like his or her personal signature or stamp upon the film, identifying it unmistakably as their product. In particular, where some directors are concerned, some recurring themes may occur in all their works, or their work may demonstrate a particular world view or personal vision that becomes evident through their work. The auteur theory is especially relevant and important, as demonstrated through the work of Directors such as Jean Luc Goddard, because they bear the unmistakable personal imprint of the author, despite the plethora of external market and commodity pressures that may fashion the final products. The objective of this study is to examine the works of French Director Jean Luc Goddard from the perspective of the auteur theory, in order to discern the unique thread that underlies this director’s work. Through an examination of four films, Une femme est une femme, Vivre Sa Vie, Le Mepris and a bout de soufflà ©, the unique elements in Godard’s films which set him apart from other directors are identified. According to MacCabe (2003), Godard is one of the most important European artists of the last 50 years and the most important French poet of the twentieth century, because of the intensity of this extraordinary man’s commitment to cinema. Godard’s films demonstrate innovation and evolution, presenting cinematic techniques that have evolved through several different aesthetic forms. As Keller (1930) points out, Godard’s films have passed through various stages that have deviated from traditional Hollywood reference points and demonstrating several different forms of experimentation that reflect his own view of life and the events that transpire within it. For example, Godard’s choice of black and white, his unabashed transmission of blatantly political views in his films and his use of a film making style that incorporates several different elements such as â€Å"narrative cadenzas, historical scrutiny, visual poetry, literary citation†, yet overall containing these within a dominant frame of contemplation. Keller (1930) also corroborates the views of MacCabe (2003) that Godard made films of great beauty and complexity, which only evolved over time into greater and more complex works of art with the passage of time. Cinematic technique in Godard’s films Godard’s films in effect are a systematic reflection on the notion of reflexivity in cinema. A work of art such as a film can demonstrate a distance from reality; it can be one in which the work appears to turn back and speak about itself. It heightens the sense in the viewer that what is being viewed is not reality itself, but that there is a reality that exists beyond what is playing out on the screen. In most of his films, Godard is able to establish a clear distinction between the action and engagement as portrayed through the events of the film as opposed to inaction or disengagement from the film, which allows the process of meditating about the events (Keller 1930). The reflexivity inherent in Godard’s work is one of the recurring characteristics that surfaces again and again in his films. He repeatedly uses alternative frames of reference to present the narration in his films. The film Vivre Sa Vie is about a woman Anna who was much loved, yet Godard creates a cinematic portrait of this woman through means other than the direct visual image; he relies upon the subjective experience that a viewer will gain about the character that is the subject of the film. He uses interviews, chapter headings, letter writing, philosophical conversations as well as reading aloud from several texts, all of which form the subtext from which the viewer derives a mental picture of the woman the film is about. Godard pieces together all these various disparate fragments together like a collage in order to derive an image of unity, a mental picture that will be different in each viewer’s mind depending upon their individual perceptions. For example, at the beginning of the film, as the credits play out, the profile of the character Nana appears on the screen; yet the audience is not allowed to see this woman clearly because her face is in profile and she appears in a half hit, shadowed shot which renders facial clarity difficult. A quote from Montague offers a referential context, suggesting the rich subtext that is to play out during the film. The character is shot from behind, and the camera pans for a quick moment to snatch a furtive glimpse of her in the mirror; yet this glimpse is almost like an intrusion and the camera moves away quickly as if it has engaged in the forbidden act of stealing her image. This technique recurs throughout the film; the experience of the viewer of the character of Nana is through the referential frame of others, never by viewing the character directly. The films assumes the air of an almost-documentary; the discourse creates the subjective impression of the character which the audience will gather based upon the brief glimpses and information it receives about her; information that is presented like a record of events in a documentary. The referential frame is evident as her emotional reaction to Carl Dreyer’s La passion de Jeanne d’Arc and her identification with the protagonist is discussed, Godard appears to be injecting historical realities side by side with the narration about Nana to further accentuate the impression of a documentary and thus reality. The end of the film shows Nana standing with her head and shoulders against a wall, framed against a photograph, while her husband reads out aloud a poem by Poe titled â€Å" The Oval Portrait†, which is the story of a man’s obsession with his wife. The entire story progresses as a painting of Nana is in process, until at the end of the film, the painter draws back and the subject of his painting – Nana – is dead. In this way, Godard not only highlights the dangers of an obsessive love; he challenges the audience to think about the female protagonist in a manner that is different from the normal filmic view. He distances the protagonist from the viewer and allows a more subjective experience to be gained, which will be different in the case of each viewer. The apparent reality of the character as presented by her husband is further challenged at the end of the film as the audience notes in shock that she is dead. The filmic technique of reflexivity may also be noted in Godard’s film Le Mepris, in which the director sought to present the appearance of a film-within-a-film. For instance, Godard deviates from the standard depiction of credits on the screen, rather the credits are spoken and Godard himself appears later in two scenes of the film dealing with the Odyssey. Was it Godard himself who spoke the credits since the voices are so similar? (Marie 1990:82). The viewer never knows, however it serves to establish a link in the viewer’s mind between one section of the film dealing with the Odyssey films and the other which deals with the non-Odyssey aspects.(Leutrat 1989:71). The cinematic technique of a film occurring within a film is heightened by a scene where Godard’s cameraman is seen helming another camera that is moving towards the camera which is doing the actual filming. The impression thus created in the viewer’s mind is one of a simultaneous presence by Godard and his cameraman both on screen and off screen. The referential function is also evident in the film a bout de soufflà ©. There is a series of filmic action and events that occur, yet at the same time, there is also a parallel set of events depicted that speak about the film and appear to offer an outside view that is distinct from the events taking place within the film. For example, in one of the shots, the character Belmondo in the film passes by a movie poster, which reads† to live dangerously† which is in reference to Aidrich’s W Seconds to Hell (Andrew 1987:148). A few scenes later, the filmic action occurs against the background of another film poster; this time one of Humphrey Bogart in the film â€Å"The Harder they fall†. There is a suggestion that the character is moving in dangerous terrain and the posters in the background serve in the nature of a comment occurring off screen, disconnected from the events of the film and yet offering an observation on it. There are more such references from films and theatre that occur in the film; for example as the film moves into its concluding segment, the character of J.P. Melville in the film makes an oral reference to Cocteau’s testament d’Orphee. Subsequently, the character of Jean Seberg runs away from a detective inside a theater that is playing Preminger’s Whirlpool; she is able to successfully escape the detective. After this, she runs with Belmondo into yet another theatre and in this instance, it is Boetticher’s Westbound . The association of movie action with posters and scenes from films and theatre which symbolize certain kinds of events results in a degree of unreality being accorded to the final moments of Godard’s film itself. For example, when the death of a character occurs at the end of the film, the audience tends to view it through the referential frame of the movies and posters that have been viewed, so that it is not tragedy, pity and fear that is inspired in the viewer but rather a feeling of filmic inevitability, as if the character has been absorbed into the referential frame of filmic reality and immortality rather than the tragic reality that is playing out on screen. Godard successfully employs this technique of standing back from the film itself and offering a narration, observation or comment on the film that is outside the main frame of reference of the film. This is one of the recurring characteristics in all his films and is line with the Brechtian theory of alienation. Brecht’s assumptions were that we as human beings, are isolated from the world around us through the manner of language we use for instance, which is not in line with our actual experiences of the world but in effect, proceeds along a different path, objectifying the world rather than allowing it to develop out of our subjective experiences. This tends to isolate us in an area where our objective knowledge and manner of expression in an objective world is in sharp contrast to the subjective experiences we may gain. Brecht characterizes this as follows: â€Å"Alienation is nothing but a representation, that is ‘making noticeable’’ of estrangement. (Ludwig 1972:20). Brecht suggests that the only way by which humans can disassociate themselves from this process of alienation is to withdraw and separate ourselves from this alienated experience in order to discover a more subjective way and unspoilt way to experience things and reflect upon them. Godard is able to accomplish this feat of withdrawal from the so called reality of the film and the objective use of language in order to stand back and assess experiences in a more subjective manner, relying more upon the true response of the senses to the product rather than the kind of response that man has been conditioned to give based upon his subjective training in the world. Godard’s career is characterized by the exploration of realism and film style. â€Å"For Godard, there is not reality and then the camera – there is reality seized at this moment and in this way by the camera† (MacCabe, 2003:79). In discussing his interest in the depiction of reality as it actually is experienced, rather than a fictional image conjured up for a viewer, Godard himself explains that he enjoys visiting a theme, place or subject after others have lost interest in it and the drama associated with it has faded, in order to capture the reality of the event as it exists (Bonnaud, 2005). He points out how images on television are manipulated, thereby contradicting the notion that the facts speak for themselves as depicted on the camera. One example he cites is the depiction by television cameras of the exterior or the Credit Lyonnais bank while providing a voice over narration of the scandals that had brewed within those walls. According to Godard, such images are meaningless because they portray nothing of the reality of events at all (Bonnard, 2005). In most of his films, the locations in Godard’s films are driveways, hotel rooms and large stretches of barren fields, which provides an effective and realistic backdrop that reflects the grim realities of his characters’ lives, providing them the space to meditate and contemplate on their transient mortality (Dixon, 1998). His films are interwoven with references to classical literature, as in Odyssey in Le Mepris and La Passion de Jeanne du Arc, the works of Edgar Allen Poe and Montague, yet all these provide the viewer the opportunity to reflect upon the deeper philosophical truths that underlie an apparent cinematic reality. In using such techniques, Godard appears to be questioning the reality presented by the camera. On the one hand, the events in Vivre sa Vie present the subjective portrait of a woman much loved; yet this love also kills her in the end. Godard substantiates Brecht’s assertion that humans are saddled with an outward reality that does not correspond to their subjective experiences and makes the viewer question whether the camera is really depicting the truth? The reflexivity inherent in Godard’s technique forces and presents a constant process of meditation and reflection, not only in the characters in the films but also in the viewer. Godard’s films thus appears to reflect his persistent quest for and his insatiable curiosity about reality, is it really as it seems or is there a deeper dimension that underlies what is visible on the surface? Godard’s films thus bear the unique stamp of his own way of looking at life, the manner in which he questions the reality of what is visible, his unwillingness to accept things as reality merely because others say it is so. Godard is of the view that the digital medium offers less depth precisely because it does not permit the kind of juxtaposition of reality and reflexivity which is possible with the film medium (Bonnard, 2005). The use of sound in Godard’s films Godard demonstrates a great sensitivity to music and the impact of sounds in creating a cinematic experience, as depicted especially in his film â€Å"Nouvelle†, where he used music composed by Manfred Eicher (www.ecmrecords.com). In conveying his impressions about Godard’s film Vivre Sa Vie released in 1962, Eicher states that the film reveals the director’s extraordinary levels of sensitivity to image, sound and rhythm, so that it is capable of moving the viewer on a different level when the his/her eyes are closed. (www.ecmrecords.com). A blind woman, Claire Bartoli writes about an internal cinema fuelled by the soundtrack of the film, that she must concentrate on to experience the film because she cannot see the images that go along with them. In an essay about his film Nouvelle Vague, she writes: Godard, with large cuts of the scissors, divides the material into fragments, producing sound miniatures, as pure elements (www.ecmrecords.com). She describes how Godard is able to isolate individual sounds such as the ringing of a bell or the sound of waves and rediscovers them within the context of the story that is taking place, so that it is the sound itself that fuels the emotional experience which characterizes the reaction of the viewer. In his film Une femme est une femme, Godard utilizes a mixture of sounds in eclectic combinations to produce an impression that is deliberately discordant when viewed in conjunction with the reality. For example, around the middle of the film, the protagonist Angela sits in a cafà © with her boyfriend and asks him to first say something false and then say something true. Then she points out in distress that his expression ha snot changed at all irrespective of whether it was the truth or a lie that he was telling. The film in turn appears to present serious things lightly and light things seriously, deliberately deviating from reality. The story itself is about Angels wanting to have a baby which her boyfriend Emile is not prepared for, she threatens to have it with his best friend Alfred instead, he tries to call her bluff and she actually goes ahead with it only to realize that she has gone too far and has turned a serious matter into a frivolous issue. The element of frivolity and unreality is enhanced and embellished by the sound used by Godard in the film. The entire film resonates with musical bells and whistles, there are sound effects that are over-the-top, music suddenly swells in an exaggerated and ridiculous fashion and interspersed within these are literary references. The use of sound in the film is eclectic and it almost appears as if the director is having childish fun, in producing sound effects that must change swiftly, as if they must hold a child’s attention. This yet again, corroborates the reflexivity the director seeks to imprint on his viewers. This may be noted particularly in a scene at the beginning of the film for example, where there is some cool. Pop music playing in the background as the protagonist walks into a cafà ©. The viewer makes an automatic association of the image with the character of the protagonist as hip and cool. Then as she leaves the shop, the music suddenly stops and devoid of the sensory backdrop, the viewer is forced to revise his/her original impression of the cool young woman and sees her as just another ordinary woman walking out of a store. But a moment later, the music starts again, as if, now satisfied that the viewer has been forced out of his/her sensory haze, the director seeks to push the viewer back into the unreality of what is playing out on camera. Godard effectively uses sound as a vehicle to force the viewer to refrain from responding to the film with stock emotions; rather he must view the film from a perspective that is different and unique. According to Dixon (1998) Godard’s sound techniques employed in his films, whereby he layered his sound tracks with an eclectic mixture of natural sounds and classical music, with dialogues and voiceovers, which is a reflection of his vision as a film maker. Godard’s reflexivity is also evident in the soundtrack of Le Mepris, where the ancient Odyssey scenes are shot in a different kind of lighting and color and utilize different theme music, yet they are similar enough to evoke a connection between the two, which suggests that the two are linked – is the ancient day Odyssey story occurring within the context of the modern day? The musical themes of the two parallel stories are â€Å"Camille† and â€Å"The Gods†, yet the similarities in the music themes suggest similar emotional undertones in both stories. For example, the opening chord in the film is a tritone in Bb-e, which is somber and dark suggesting something ominous that could be associated with the devil. The music in itself suggests that the tone of the film will be such that there may be a tragic outcome. This impression is paralleled in the theme music of the parallel visualization, characterized mostly by the use of strings and harps in a minor chord, which in classical music is traditionally associated with seriousness, sadness and ultimate tragedy. The nature and composition of the music in le Mepris thus highlights the allusion of the modern day playing out of the Greek classical tragedies of ancient times. Godard describes how he visualized the scenes in the film dealing with Odyssey in Le Mepris as being lit in a manner that was much different from the main film, in order to give the impression of a film occurring within another film. Those particular scenes were to be photographed such that â€Å"the colours will be more brilliant, more violent, more vivid, more contrasted also in their organization.† (Godard 1985:146). This is in sharp contrast to the documentary style used in Vivre Sa Vie for instance where voice-overs and the spoken, poetic narrations provide only the backdrop to the tantalizing glimpses of the character of Nana that keep appearing throughout the film. Conclusions Godard was undoubtedly a Director whose films displayed his own unique stamp, and his striving to depict the emotional nuances of his characters through the utilization of the tools of sound, color and stylistic technique to convey a message in sub text that moved far beyond the actual events occurring in the films. The innate curiosity of the director about reality itself, his constant questioning of what is real and what lies beyond the reality that is apparent visually can be gleaned in his films. His attempts to convey a mood and aura are not incorporated directly into the main narrative but rather must be gleaned by the viewer through the subtle signs that exist in the sub text of the film. Rather than making certain visual and audible elements glaringly apparent for the viewer by using close up shots for example, Godard leaves it to the viewer to subtly discern these messages, to think about the film long after seeing it in order to grasp the significance of the elements that have been presented in the film. Through this process, Godard forces the viewer to confront a hidden reality that may exist beyond that apparent on the surface. The Brechtian alienation suggests that viewers need to revise their way of thinking and seeing things such they rely more on their own subjective experiences. This ability to instill reflexivity in the film viewing experience and force a viewer to question the reality of what he/she sees is a particular characteristic of Director Godard. His use of literature and poetry as well as filmic and theatrical allusions is targeted at promoting a reflexive experience in his viewers. His characters reflect upon life within a contextual dimension that is as rich with visual, audio and spatial clues as the cinematic material which is outwardly apparent, to present the viewer with a viewing experience that extends far beyond the visual images. The complexity and beauty of his films is enhanced by the willingness of the director to experiment with avant garde techniques and use unconventional means to convey his cinematic messages. The director uses quitotix and unusual methods to elicit this reflexivity, especially in the film Une femme est une femme for example, where the protagonist is frying an egg, the phone rings, she flips the egg high in the air, dashes to take the phone and returns just in time to catch the egg and flip it back into the pan, thereby underlying the unreality of the images being viewed. The Director’s films stimulate thought and force a viewer to interact actively with the medium, to question what is seen and what remains unseen but can be discerned below the surface through careful observation. This is why the supporting elements in Godard’s films are so important the sound, the color, the music, the visual techniques, the editing, all enhance the messages being conveyed sub textually. The auteur theory requires that an author’s work demonstrate an unmistakable stamp that identifies it and sets it apart. The alienation and distancing from the cinematic view, the reflexivity inherent in a Godard film viewing experience is one that is not found in a comparable manner in the work of other directors. The auteur theory is therefore relevant where Godard is concerned, because in effect, a director must exhibit certain recurring characteristics throughout his films, which are like his signature on the films. This is what Godard accomplished through the unique and experimental combination of light, sound , editing and style in every film, which promotes reflexivity and presents a multi faceted reality. Bibliography Andrew, Dudley, 1987: â€Å"Breathless. Jean Luc Godard, Director† London: Rutgers University Press Bonnaud, Frederic, 2005. â€Å"Occupational Hazards†, Film Comment, 41(1): 37-40. Dixon, Wheeler Winston, 1998. â€Å"For ever Godard: Notes on Godard’s For Ever Mozart†, Literature/Film Quarterly, 26(2): 82-88 ECM: Background Information†, Retrieved December 13, 2007 from: http://www.ecmrecords.com/Background/Background_1600.php Godard, Jean-Luc, 1985. â€Å"Jean-Luc Godard par Jean-Luc Godard†, Alain Bergala, à ©d. Paris: Cahiers du cinà ©ma -Editions de lEtoile. Keller, Craig, 1930. â€Å"Jean-Luc Goddard†, Retrieved December 12, 2007 from: http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/godard.html MacCabe, Colin, 2003. â€Å"A portrait of the artist at Seventy†, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux Marie, Michael, 1990. â€Å"Le Mepris: jean Luc Godard:, Paris: Edition Nathan Wells, Alan and Hakanen, Ernest A, 1997. â€Å"Mass Media and society†, Ablex/Greenwood.

Compromise and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride Prejudic

Compromise and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not unusual for an individual to disagree with social customs or expectations. Some people are only happy when they can rebel against society. Most mature adults eventually realize that compromise is necessary to achieve happiness. This is the case in the early nineteenth century England setting of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen. In the novel, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is a lively, independent woman, whose family's financial situation and whose strong mindedness suggest that she may never marry. Mr. Darcy, is a rigid and proper man, who falls in love with Elizabeth, despite their differences. By the end of the novel, Elizabeth and Darcy learn to compromise, and, in doing so, become truly happy. In marrying, they not only fulfill themselves as individuals, but also affirm the principle values of society. The marriage at the end of the novel shows Jane Austen's ideal view of marriage as a social institution.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen gives us the reader a very good idea of how she views marriage, as well as society. The theme of marriage is set in the very opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice; "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife" (Austen, 1) As Norman Sherry points out, this is Austen's way of implying that 'a single man in possession of a good fortune' is automatically destined to be the object of desire for all unmarried women. The statement opens the subject of the romantic novel; courtship and marriage. The sentence also introduces the issue of what the reasons for marrying are. She implies here that many young women marry for money. The question... ...s, Jane Austen makes them 'all right'." (Sherry, 92) By having Darcy and Elizabeth end the novel engaged in an ideal marriage is a significant detail. Jane Austen, in doing this is suggesting that society would be better if it followed Elizabeth and Darcy's example. By controlling pride and prejudice, and by learning that compromise is sometimes the best way to happiness, society can hope to improve itself. Marriage in the end, is the perfect ending, since it is both an affirmation of the values of society as well as a personal fulfillment, which it is for both Elizabeth and Darcy since they improve themselves by being together.    Works Cited: Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice. New York. Bantam Books, 1813,1981. Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford. Claredon Press, 1975 Sherry, Norman. Jane Austen. London. Montegue House, 1966

Genetic Screening Will Not Put Limits on Equal Opportunity :: Science Biology Biological Essays

Genetic Screening Will not Put Limits on Equal Opportunity Introduction Genetic screening is a pressing issue in today's public policy forum, research and industry. Genetic screening provides enormous opportunities and is an incredible advance in science. However, genetic screening poses problems that are not and can not be easily overlooked. These are the following two issues dealt with in this paper. What can genetic screening offer people that currently is not being offered and at what cost to the people will this advance be? Genetic screening was devised to offer people a service and more important, to essentially, protect them from themselves. Genetic screening involves the screening of persons' genotypes to determine if they (1) are already associated with disease or are predisposed to disease, (2) may pass on disease to their descendants, or (3) produce other variations not associated with disease. (NAS 1975) Genetic screening is used as a means to prevent the onset or provide control for genetically inherited diseases. This in the long run is economical and treatment is effective. Screening of this type involves the detection of genetic disease and must first be defined to assure an understanding in the objectives of screening. Carriers of a genetic disease appear normal and are not affected except if the trait is expressed quantitatively across a population. In this case, the individual will have some disease characteristics however, not as severe as those with the disease. Individuals that have a genetic disease are almost always homozygous recessive for that gene meaning that there is an insufficiency in its ability to perform the correct function. One must not mistake a genetic screening test with a genetic diagnostic test. The difference is great and can be easily confused. A genetic screening test is not a definite confirmation of disease presence. It only gives an alert or signal to the possible presence that could affect the health of an individual. A genetic diagnostic test can tell with greater certainty if a disease is present in an individual. (Blatt 1996) Testing-Methods There are different times throughout the life span of a human in which genetic tests, both screening and diagnostic, can be preformed. The most popular and recognizable are the prenatal tests and testing of newborns. The genetic screening tests currently available for pregnant women are maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening, enhanced MSAFP, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), fetal biopsy and fetal cell sorting.

Who are the real winners and losers in RJR Nabisco takeover

Most Of us looks at LOBO transactions from outs idà ©e and have completely different viewpoint how these transactions are done. Barbarians at the Gate presents a n insider's perspective. We somehow have these believe that when there is billions of dollars involved in transactions, Coo's, investors, investment bankers make their decisions based on numbers, trying g to be objective to make rational decisions and very seldom let their subjectivity such as their ego to drive thee r decisions.However after reading the book, I realize how wrong we all are. This paper focuses on what the management team did wrong that cause them to fail and who are the real winners from this transaction. Why management team lost When Ross Johnson proposed a levered buyout, he was sure he would win. H e thought that Or's directors would give him the deference due a chief executive, never realizing that the b road would have no choice legally or morally but to treat him as an outsider.The following factors h ighlights why management team lost. Remaining Equity: The board tried to keep the company as unbroken as poss. able to minimize the negative effect on employees. However the management team planned to keep only t e tobacco business and sell the entire food business after the acquisition. Employees' benefits: Management focused only on employees who would sat y and did not care about employees who would lose their jobs.Ross Johnson did a mistake during one of his interviews regarding potential layoff in the Atlanta headquarters by saying â€Å"those workers had port able jobs and could find employment elsewhere†. Loosing boards trust: Even though Johnson insisted that some portion in queue TTY would be divided among workers, only six names emerged besides his own. Too much for too few, this s what the directors thought, which shocked them. In the end, Ross Johnson lost the battle when he refuse d to guarantee the benefits of those same workers.Choice of bankers and lack of cla rity. Choosing only one banker whom Ross Joe hone's friend suggested was a big mistake. Ross Johnson did not have a clear overall approach and was cons sisterly following Shearers Salmon's advises. Why KIRK won Clear strategy: Recruit every significant player so that the other bidding group s would not be able to retain them and left the management-Shearers bidding group with only one available e player, Salomon Brothers, with significant access to capital market.Reading board's mind: Keeping its options open, KIRK did not disclose fully its Eng-term plans and tried consistently read the board's mind and to act based on it (for example, guar noted severance and other benefits for employees who would lose their jobs, or the announcement to Pl an to hire Paul Stitch as the chairman and CEO in order to mitigate the uncertainties regarding the business as, since he has been with company previously and showed due diligences in his position). Who are the real winner and losers?

Music’s power over the universe Essay

Throughout generations, freedom of expression has found its way to be the most convenient, and sometimes effective, way of people to convey their thoughts. Art has been a strong medium for people to say what they really feel, aside from words. With this premise, it is of no doubt that music as well has been a powerful tool over one’s mind and body. Music evolved on how generations changed through the years. More often than not, it has been a symbol of different ages, showing the rest on what they believe in. It has also been a catalyst of changes, whether to a large political scale or just a personal dilemma. Some people also consider music as a point of inspiration, as Plato quoted, â€Å"Music can instill self control among the young†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . But this is not always the case; music can also be a point of destruction to some. In essence, as music fits every generation that lives, it has become a human diary. It is a reminder of our past experience, whether success or failure. It cultivated our thoughts and disposition in life and continues to assume this role even in the future. Even history books acknowledge the lasting existing of this form of art. It has its own way of controlling our universe. Why such power is attributed to music? One thing to music is its versatility. Basically, it is hard to find a human being not being affected by music. Many people make money out of it, as well as many people spend money for it. It has served as a ladder to iconic artists through the years and even to some who almost played god. But music also served the hearts of those downtrodden, as their shield in time of life trials. Whatever ways music was used, its primary goal is to elate people to their own satisfaction or â€Å"happiness†. In his book, Psychology of Music, Carl Seashore shows us that music can actually govern a human behavior, intelligence, pain tolerance and health. Even science acknowledges the power of music to heal and to promote health. Horace Mann supports this thought in the 19th century. It can both affect one’s biological and its vitality (Morgan, 2008). Much social researches have also been devoted on how music represents most of the society’s perception from day-to-day life. These evidences show that music in one way or another control the being of the universe. People breathe life into this universe, and music gives people the reason for living. In much ways, music has been a long-standing way to comprehend the success and perils of humanity. Its control can be felt on how it influences the personalities of most people. However, this must not limit our big perception to music. In one way or another, even if it gives meaning to the human spirit, our feelings and behaviors are still governed by life circumstances. Pure human experiences are still the bases of music. Diserens and Fine explained that we tend to think music powerful because it jives to what we think and what we have experienced before. We find it powerful because it has puts words to our minds on feelings that we cannot explain. However, on the standpoint the music’s power can be a controlling force to the universe, this can be true. Music has gave more meaning to human existence, gave life to the strong feelings and ideas that are also brought about the human mind. Its existence from the earliest generations to the present shows us that people permit music to be part of their lives, to be their other speaking voice. Whether in spiritual or earthly form, music has intensified the reasons why this universe that we know must exist. References Diserens, C. M. , & Fine, H. (2008). A Psychology Of Music: The Influence Of Music On Behavior. New York: Kessinger Publishing, Llc. Morgan, J. E. (2008). Horace Mann: His Ideas And Ideals. New York: Kessinger Publishing, Llc. Plato. (2005). Plato Complete Works. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company. Seashore, C. E. (2008). Psychology Of Music. United States of America: Spencer Press.

World Wide Web and Tool

With time going, web has become increasingly popular in our life. I will show you what the web 2. 0 applications is and the description of six different tools or website through this report. You can also get the information about how webs can help in your studies and a sequence of tool or web site’s value beside the sub titles. The conclusion will include the consequence of our group discussion about our favorite tool/web sites. And reference will be shown in the end. Web 2. 0 applications â€Å"The term Web 2. was coined in 1999 to describe web sites that use technology beyond the static pages of earlier web sites. Tim Berners-Lee is the first person who put forward the conception of web 2. 0. He said that Web is a collaborative medium, a place where we could all meet and read and write. † available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/technology/4132752. stm, Mark Lawson, Berners-Lee on the read/write web, BBC News ) Compared with web 1. 0 which just focuses on accessing the information, Web 2. 0 pays more attention on exchange the information.. The individuals can be providers and users at the same time on those websites. Although Web 2. 0 is a new one, it does have an update to any technical specification, the software developers and end user to change the Web- cumulative together. Presentation tool URL: http://prezi. com/ Presentation tools of web2. 0 can let you show presentations whenever you like. The tools won’t be too difficult to be learned. People can find a lot of course of study which will teach you how to use the software. With this tool, presentation can be simple and accessible and the tool can save a myriad of time. For students like me in senior high school, we always need to do a presentation. Doing an outstanding Power point will cost most of time. But with the help of presentational tools like prezi which already have an ocean of stencil plate, we can easily complete a great Power point. And the rest time can be used to practice the speaking. What’s more, Picsviewer and Slide share also have the same function. Video tool URL: http://animoto. com Video tools can help people modify the video and photography automatic. Not all the person has money to buy advanced equipments or has good skill to take photos. So the website like Animoto is a good choice to make your special video without wasting much time. In school, we sometimes will have a play for the ceremony. Not only will it make you after-school activities more colorful, but also it will cost a lot of to treat the music. Now video tool makes it faster to do this thing which can help us keep balance between study and after-school activities better. You can also use Gizmoz or Photo peach to do this thing. Mobile tool URL: http://PollEverywhere. com With the technology improve, people today not only use mobile phone to make the call, they also use it to get picture or flash. Like Poll Everywhere, it will add joy for people to get responses by lively. For students, Mobile tool makes it more easily to get vivid information. Students can remember the image better than the texting. Jott and drop. io also has this function to make the word alive. Search tool UPL: www. myallsearch. com There is a sea of web site on the Internet. People usually don’t have enough to scan all of web site. The search tool like Myallsearch can search result of the Authoritative website, for instance, Google, Ask. com, Yahoo! and Lycos by one click. Searching information is a crucial part of academic essay or other homework which students in high school usually need to do. At first, students are too young to determine whether the site can be trusted. Search tool like featuring Google and Wikipedia can help students to access credible information quickly. Community tool URL: http://edmodo. com Community tool is one of the fundament of Web2. 0. It builds a bridge of communication between teachers and students. Like Edmodo, it is designed specifically for educators to exchange the information about professional knowledge. Tool like Edmodo, Google Doc and Ning is a good platform for teachers and students to exchange the message with each other. Asking questions become easier, and students can get more professional knowledge if they want. Social network URL: www. renren. com Social network like Renren provides an interactive platform for different people. People can know where their friends are and how they feel though a photo or a small sentence. It can also help you make friends who have the same hobbies. For students, we can broaden our horizons though watching various kind of information. We can also use tools like Twitter and Face book to ask friends for suggestion of the problem in study. Conclusion The web2. 0 has been integrated into our daily lives. During this report, we have known the meaning of web2. 0, descriptions six different tools and the effect in our study. After the discussion, we think that our favorite tool is search tool. We can get lots of credible information quickly which can save much time for us to do other things.

The Planet Takes Care of Us, Not We of It

â€Å"The planet takes care of us, not we of it. † One could say that the planet earth is a system, interacting with objects in space such as the sun and the moon. The mass and diameter of these objects, their distance from earth and the amount of heat they radiates makes the conditions on earth ideal for life to exist. Over the years, humans have begun to consume at a much faster rate than before. Yes, fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil are being used at a greedy rate, but the ground is busy making some more.Yes, too many trees providing shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit and nuts are being cut down to produce wood products such as paper, furniture and housing, but it’s not like we’ve run out of oxygen†¦ the world always seems to work itself out. A problem is detected, the loophole discovered, and our planet renovates and replenishes itself. The earth doesn’t need our help, and even if it did, I don’t think we are prepared to o ffer it. Humans are greedy little children, and we never had to grow up because Mother Nature was always there for us even when we are not there for her.Saving the world is a grand gesture needs a large amount of energy and people, and it would never happen that all the people of the world come together with one goal, to save the planet. We don’t even know how to properly fend for ourselves, nor do we know how to keep peace with our neighbors, so how could we ever even attempt to take care of the biggest thing we know, our home, our planet, our earth, which had been standing tall as it still is, four and a half million years before mankind even existed?This of course, is only one approach to a hugely controversial topic, and the other side says we must live green and â€Å"reduce, recycle and reuse†. I do believe a lot of people want to see that happen and admire the concept, but they are just too lazy to go through with it. Either way, here comes my question, if we we re going to lend a hand and â€Å"take care† of our planet, would that truly be what we are doing?Or is that phrase just a witty twist of words used as a facade to conceal our self-centered nature†¦ Think about it, if we cease to reduce our carbon footprint and encourage global warming, say we melt the icecaps and increase the sea-level, ruin the soil with our chemicals and pollute every acre of the earth with our damned plastic bags to the point where the air is too dirty to breathe, the soil too tired to harvest on and the water too toxic to drink.What happens? Mankind will die out, life as we know it will never be the same, but the planet? The earth will still be here, only we will not. So are we really trying to take care of the planet, or are we just taking care of ourselves? Is us trying to take care of the planet a selfless, humanitarian act or is it just more evidence to our self absorbed nature?

Atticus Finch Essay Example for Free (#2)

Atticus Finch Essay Atticus Finch Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.† Atticus Finch, in many ways, lives this quote everyday by understanding what has to be done today in order to avoid future consequences of today’s mistakes. Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, wise man, who always knows the right thing to say. In the story, one can deduce that Atticus Finch is a kind-hearted man who knows what to do in order to fix the toughest of problems. The author remarks, â€Å"There was a brown book and some yellow tablets on the solicitor’s table, Atticus’s was bare† (138). This statement explains how Atticus is always prepared to do what is right, and still be humane about what point he is trying to get across. Therefore, Atticus must also set the example for his children by showing that he has a kind heart, so maybe his two children would learn to follow; however, in the story he is faced with many obstacles on the way, reducing his time spent trying to do the right thing. Atticus definitely knows how to react under pressure. In the story the author writes, â€Å"Miss Stephanie said Atticus didn’t even bat an eye, just took out his handkerchief and wiped his face and stood there and let Mr. Ewell call him names wild horses could not bring her to repeat† (185). This is a perfect example of Atticus having a long fuse. Even though Mr. Ewell cussed him until the cows came home, Atticus took it calmly and was relieved that Mr. Ewell finally got his steam out from the case. Whenever he is in trouble, he reacts calmly because he knows in the end it will all blow over. Atticus is obviously a very wise man, who can get the job done. In the part of the story with Mrs. Dubose, Atticus states, â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (93). Atticus uses many quotes like this in the book, all consisting of the wisest comments out of the whole story. In this quote Atticus is lecturing Jem after he is finished reading his book to Mrs. Dubose, and Jem realizes that Atticus was talking about him. He also said he would have made him do it eventually anyway, just to show him what real courage was, even if he would not have destroyed Mrs. Dubose’s flowers. The author indirectly says that Atticus knows what he is saying. As I have stated, Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, and wise beyond his year’s sort of man. Atticus is the ideal human being in the story. He is also the stories main protagonist, showing all the characteristics of a gentleman. Atticus Finch. (2016, Mar 25). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Managing International Business Enterprises Essay

Managing International Business Enterprises - Essay Example According to Wooten (2011) marketing managers need to effectively communicate the unique linguistic preferences up front to the translation companies so that the translation does not dilute the brand. The important thing in translation is to retain the original key brand message and tone as closely as is possible. The article proposes that companies need to work with professional linguistic translators whose native language is the target language. This article’s key message is concise and well-illustrated. Maintaining a brand’s image and meaning once a company decides to go global is both a product management and promotional strategy issue. Central to this move into the international market is the role of marketing managers. Marketing managers need to closely work with language service providers so as to effectively convey their brand messages. This will also call for flexibility and foresight since the translated names should also cater for brand growth. An example o f this is Coca-Cola’s translation â€Å"K’o K’ou K’o Le† was coined several decades ago yet its literal meaning â€Å"happiness in the mouth† is very much applicable to its present day â€Å"Open Happiness† campaign.

Environmental Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Justice - Essay Example These stakeholders formed the EJ work group. The EJ desired outcome was the reclamation and reuse of the Airfield site at Metlakatla Peninsula and enhance more efficient use of resources in the community. This was achieved through the cleanup of the abandoned facilities, debris and contamination left by former airfield site. The EJ work group was concerned with the impact of the site on health, food supply, and the economy in general. The group was therefore concerned with the elimination of the contamination of the site through cleanup activities. To achieve the desired outcome, some factors were considered. First, consultations and outreach was carried out by the MOU workgroup in order to involve all members in cleanup partnership (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2003). Local MIC residents were also hired to conduct cleanup activities. Enhanced teamwork was also considered to achieve the success of the cleanup. One of the values considered in the cleanup was cooperation in the cleanup process. The MOU workgroup encouraged cooperation and effective coordination. Another value is health and food supply concern among community members. All members were determined to improve their health and food supply for the people. Another value that the team would have considered was philanthropy. This would allow the rich people within the group to offer their resources for the cleanup exercise. One of the obstacles of the partnership was lack of full coordination across the MOU work group members. They had inadequate funding, and the environmental policies varied. These issues affected the allocation of responsibility for cleanup process (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2003). It was also difficult to determine what constitutes a clean site. Another obstacle that can be predicted is the impact of natural disasters and weather changes. The stakeholders involved in this EJ partnership were the West Harlem

Leadership of Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership of Nursing - Term Paper Example eir experience, promoting evidence based practice within nursing and challenging the status quo for higher learning outcome become the hallmark of nurse leaders. Nurse leadership is considerably supported by organizations that empower the workforce and encourage collective decisions and shared learning. Thus, magnet status activities within nursing indicate higher leadership capabilities of nurses in specialized cases and complex clinical situations. Magnet hospitals provide better work environment to nurses through enquiry based learning and sharing accumulated knowledge for higher patients’ outcome (Kramer, 1999). Consequently, such hospitals attract good nurses and retain them to provide high quality of care. Magnet activities provide constant learning environment and help empower the nurses to make effective decisions based on informed choices. Thus, nurses’ initiative in critical situations evolves as key leadership trait that relies on best practices and evidence based knowledge to provide quality care. They also serve as mentors for RNs and guide them to identify their core competencies for higher healthcare delivery. Their competencies in clinical setting and their ability to share specialized knowledge with others are essential ingredients that endow them with leadership qualities. Nurse leaders exploit opportunities and progress from critical nurse specialist to teacher and advisor, later becoming part of hospital administration. It indicates their constant desire to test new approaches and establish new benchmark in the patients’ care through shared knowledge and evidence based practice. As a nurse in magnet hospitals, therefore, significantly enhances their personal and professional image which is acknowledged by the peer group and other health workers. They become better equipped to respond to crisis situation and become proactive participants in creating awareness on public health. Moreover, magnet activities encourage them to empower not

The Salvadoran During The Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Salvadoran During The Civil War - Essay Example The situation in El Salvador was that of a stalemate. US government backed the Salvadoran government, however, that was not enough to claim victory. There are no winners or losers in a war, only survivors: and this proved true in the case of El Salvador as well. There are eyewitnesses and journalists who gave their accounts of the state of affairs during the Salvadoran civil war. Cynthia Arnson, a commentator on the national and international affairs especially with concern to the United States and Latin America commented on the gruesome force used by the state government. The government appointed death squads to start systematic eradication of the Salvadoran opponents and not only mutilate their bodies but to use this as a means of wreaking havoc and terrorizing the general population. Such tactics would lead to permanent terror settling into the minds of the public and would disallow them to engage in anti-state affairs and activities in the future. The mid-1980s was the era when s tate-sponsored population killings were the most prominent. The civil war took a very long time despite the efforts to bring an end to the war from both parties. FMLN refused to participate in the presidential elections because they felt that the results would be unfair. Due to this reason, they boycotted the presidential elections. And when the FMLN organized the peace talks in order to settle down the conflicting issues, the Salvadoran government also refused to participate.The Salvadoran civil war would have ended a lot earlier